🔭 astrophysics

Euclid: Quick Data Release (Q1) -- LensMC shear measurement catalogue for cluster lensing science

本文介绍了来自 Euclid Quick Release 1 的首个 LensMC 切变测量目录，通过统计分析和交叉检查验证了其质量，证明了在受控系统误差的情况下，能够约束直至红移 $z\approx2$ 的大质量星系团透镜轮廓的能力。

原作者： G. Congedo (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), M. Sereno (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di BolognaG. Congedo (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), M. Sereno (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), H. Miyatake (Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan, Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan, Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe), S. Guerrini (Université Paris Cité, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, AIM, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France), M. Kilbinger (Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France), M. Radovich (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy), H. Jansen (Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Technikerstr. 25/8, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria), F. Kleinebreil (Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Technikerstr. 25/8, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria), T. Schrabback (Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Technikerstr. 25/8, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria), A. N. Taylor (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), B. Altieri (ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain), L. Amendola (Institut für Theoretische Physik, University of Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE, and Center for Astrophysics and Space Science), S. Andreon (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), N. Auricchio (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), C. Baccigalupi (IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy), M. Baldi (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), S. Bardelli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), P. Battaglia (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), A. Biviano (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), R. P. Blake (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), E. Branchini (Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), M. Brescia (Department of Physics "E. Pancini", University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy), S. Camera (Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese), V. Capobianco (INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese), C. Carbone (INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy), V. F. Cardone (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 - c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy), J. Carretero (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra), M. Castellano (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), G. Castignani (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), S. Cavuoti (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy, INFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy), A. Cimatti (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), C. Colodro-Conde (Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), L. Conversi (European Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy, ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain), Y. Copin (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France), F. Courbin (Institut de Ciències del Cosmos, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai), H. M. Courtois (UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne, France), M. Cropper (Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK), H. Degaudenzi (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), G. De Lucia (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), C. Dolding (Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK), H. Dole (Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France), F. Dubath (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), X. Dupac (ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain), M. Farina (INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy), R. Farinelli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), S. Ferriol (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France), F. Finelli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy), P. Fosalba (Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Institute of Space Sciences), S. Fotopoulou (School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK), M. Frailis (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), M. Fumana (INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy), L. Gabarra (Department of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK), S. Galeotta (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), K. George (University Observatory, LMU Faculty of Physics, Scheinerstr.~1, 81679 Munich, Germany), B. Gillis (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), C. Giocoli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), J. Gracia-Carpio (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), A. Grazian (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy), F. Grupp (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr.~1, 81679 München, Germany), S. Hemmati (Caltech/IPAC, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA), M. S. Holliman (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), W. Holmes (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA), I. M. Hook (Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK), F. Hormuth (Felix Hormuth Engineering, Goethestr. 17, 69181 Leimen, Germany), A. Hornstrup (Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, Cosmic Dawn Center), K. Jahnke (Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany), M. Jhabvala (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA), S. Kermiche (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), B. Kubik (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France), M. Kümmel (Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr.~1, 81679 München, Germany), M. Kunz (Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland), H. Kurki-Suonio (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), A. M. C. Le Brun (Laboratoire d'etude de l'Univers et des phenomenes eXtremes, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France), S. Ligori (INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese), P. B. Lilje (Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway), V. Lindholm (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), I. Lloro (SKAO, Jodrell Bank, Lower Withington, Macclesfield SK11 9FT, UK), M. Magliocchetti (INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy), G. Mainetti (Centre de Calcul de l'IN2P3/CNRS, 21 avenue Pierre de Coubertin 69627 Villeurbanne Cedex, France), O. Mansutti (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), O. Marggraf (Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany), M. Martinelli (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 - c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy), N. Martinet (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France), F. Marulli (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), R. J. Massey (Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK), E. Medinaceli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), M. Meneghetti (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), E. Merlin (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy), G. Meylan (Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), A. Mora (Telespazio UK S.L. for European Space Agency), M. Moresco (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), C. Moretti (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy), L. Moscardini (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), E. Munari (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), R. Nakajima (Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany), C. Neissner (Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra), R. C. Nichol (School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK), S. -M. Niemi (European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands), C. Padilla (Institut de Física d'Altes Energies), S. Paltani (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), F. Pasian (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), W. J. Percival (Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada), V. Pettorino (European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands), A. Pezzotta (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), S. Pires (Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France), G. Polenta (Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy), M. Poncet (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales -- Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France), L. A. Popa (Institute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409 Măgurele, Ilfov, 077125, Romania), F. Raison (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), A. Renzi (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), J. Rhodes (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA), G. Riccio (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy), E. Romelli (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), M. Roncarelli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), C. Rosset (Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France), B. Rusholme (Caltech/IPAC, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA), R. Saglia (Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr.~1, 81679 München, Germany, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), Z. Sakr (Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université St Joseph, Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon), A. G. Sánchez (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), D. Sapone (Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile), M. Schirmer (Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany), P. Schneider (Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany), A. Secroun (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), E. Sihvola (Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), C. Sirignano (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), G. Sirri (INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), L. Stanco (INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), P. Tallada-Crespí (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra), I. Tereno (Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal, Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal), S. Toft (Cosmic Dawn Center, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark), R. Toledo-Moreo (Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadoras, Plaza del Hospital 1, 30202 Cartagena, Spain, European University of Technology EUt+, European Union), F. Torradeflot (Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), I. Tutusaus (Institute of Space Sciences, Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie), E. A. Valentijn (Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands), J. Valiviita (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), T. Vassallo (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, University Observatory, LMU Faculty of Physics, Scheinerstr.~1, 81679 Munich, Germany), Y. Wang (Caltech/IPAC, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA), J. Weller (Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr.~1, 81679 München, Germany, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), A. Zacchei (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), G. Zamorani (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), F. M. Zerbi (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), E. Zucca (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), T. Castro (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, ICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy)

发布于 2026-06-23

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原作者： G. Congedo (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), M. Sereno (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), H. Miyatake (Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan, Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan, Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe), S. Guerrini (Université Paris Cité, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, AIM, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France), M. Kilbinger (Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France), M. Radovich (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy), H. Jansen (Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Technikerstr. 25/8, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria), F. Kleinebreil (Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Technikerstr. 25/8, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria), T. Schrabback (Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Technikerstr. 25/8, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria), A. N. Taylor (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), B. Altieri (ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain), L. Amendola (Institut für Theoretische Physik, University of Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE, and Center for Astrophysics and Space Science), S. Andreon (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), N. Auricchio (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), C. Baccigalupi (IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy), M. Baldi (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), S. Bardelli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), P. Battaglia (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), A. Biviano (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), R. P. Blake (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), E. Branchini (Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), M. Brescia (Department of Physics "E. Pancini", University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy), S. Camera (Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese), V. Capobianco (INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese), C. Carbone (INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy), V. F. Cardone (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 - c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy), J. Carretero (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra), M. Castellano (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), G. Castignani (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), S. Cavuoti (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy, INFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy), A. Cimatti (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), C. Colodro-Conde (Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), L. Conversi (European Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy, ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain), Y. Copin (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France), F. Courbin (Institut de Ciències del Cosmos, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai), H. M. Courtois (UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne, France), M. Cropper (Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK), H. Degaudenzi (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), G. De Lucia (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), C. Dolding (Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK), H. Dole (Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France), F. Dubath (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), X. Dupac (ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain), M. Farina (INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy), R. Farinelli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), S. Ferriol (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France), F. Finelli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy), P. Fosalba (Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Institute of Space Sciences), S. Fotopoulou (School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK), M. Frailis (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), M. Fumana (INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy), L. Gabarra (Department of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK), S. Galeotta (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), K. George (University Observatory, LMU Faculty of Physics, Scheinerstr.~1, 81679 Munich, Germany), B. Gillis (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), C. Giocoli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), J. Gracia-Carpio (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), A. Grazian (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy), F. Grupp (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr.~1, 81679 München, Germany), S. Hemmati (Caltech/IPAC, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA), M. S. Holliman (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), W. Holmes (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA), I. M. Hook (Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK), F. Hormuth (Felix Hormuth Engineering, Goethestr. 17, 69181 Leimen, Germany), A. Hornstrup (Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, Cosmic Dawn Center), K. Jahnke (Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany), M. Jhabvala (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA), S. Kermiche (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), B. Kubik (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France), M. Kümmel (Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr.~1, 81679 München, Germany), M. Kunz (Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland), H. Kurki-Suonio (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), A. M. C. Le Brun (Laboratoire d'etude de l'Univers et des phenomenes eXtremes, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France), S. Ligori (INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese), P. B. Lilje (Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway), V. Lindholm (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), I. Lloro (SKAO, Jodrell Bank, Lower Withington, Macclesfield SK11 9FT, UK), M. Magliocchetti (INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy), G. Mainetti (Centre de Calcul de l'IN2P3/CNRS, 21 avenue Pierre de Coubertin 69627 Villeurbanne Cedex, France), O. Mansutti (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), O. Marggraf (Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany), M. Martinelli (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 - c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy), N. Martinet (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France), F. Marulli (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), R. J. Massey (Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK), E. Medinaceli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), M. Meneghetti (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), E. Merlin (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy), G. Meylan (Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), A. Mora (Telespazio UK S.L. for European Space Agency), M. Moresco (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), C. Moretti (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy), L. Moscardini (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), E. Munari (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), R. Nakajima (Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany), C. Neissner (Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra), R. C. Nichol (School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK), S. -M. Niemi (European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands), C. Padilla (Institut de Física d'Altes Energies), S. Paltani (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), F. Pasian (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), W. J. Percival (Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada), V. Pettorino (European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands), A. Pezzotta (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), S. Pires (Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France), G. Polenta (Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy), M. Poncet (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales -- Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France), L. A. Popa (Institute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409 Măgurele, Ilfov, 077125, Romania), F. Raison (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), A. Renzi (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), J. Rhodes (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA), G. Riccio (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy), E. Romelli (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), M. Roncarelli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), C. Rosset (Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France), B. Rusholme (Caltech/IPAC, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA), R. Saglia (Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr.~1, 81679 München, Germany, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), Z. Sakr (Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université St Joseph, Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon), A. G. Sánchez (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), D. Sapone (Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile), M. Schirmer (Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany), P. Schneider (Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany), A. Secroun (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), E. Sihvola (Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), C. Sirignano (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), G. Sirri (INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), L. Stanco (INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), P. Tallada-Crespí (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra), I. Tereno (Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal, Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal), S. Toft (Cosmic Dawn Center, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark), R. Toledo-Moreo (Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadoras, Plaza del Hospital 1, 30202 Cartagena, Spain, European University of Technology EUt+, European Union), F. Torradeflot (Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), I. Tutusaus (Institute of Space Sciences, Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie), E. A. Valentijn (Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands), J. Valiviita (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), T. Vassallo (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, University Observatory, LMU Faculty of Physics, Scheinerstr.~1, 81679 Munich, Germany), Y. Wang (Caltech/IPAC, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA), J. Weller (Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr.~1, 81679 München, Germany, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), A. Zacchei (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), G. Zamorani (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), F. M. Zerbi (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), E. Zucca (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), T. Castro (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, ICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy)

原始论文采用 CC BY 4.0 许可（http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/）。 ✨ 这是对下方论文的AI生成解释。它不是由作者撰写或认可的。如需技术准确性，请参阅原始论文。阅读完整免责声明

核心大意：巨型太空相机的“试驾测试”

请将欧洲空间局（ESA）的 Euclid 望远镜 想象成一台刚刚发射升空的全新超高清相机。它的主要任务是拍摄一张宇宙的大全景照片，以了解宇宙是如何膨胀以及它是由什么组成的。在今年晚些时候拍摄最终的、大规模的“全家福”（称为第一阶段数据发布，Data Release 1）之前，团队需要进行几次“试拍”，以确保相机及其图像处理软件能够正常工作。

这篇论文就是这些“试拍”的成绩单。具体来说，团队观察了一小片天空（约 63 平方度，大约相当于 300 个满月的面积），以测试他们是否能精确测量引力透镜效应（gravitational lensing）。

什么是引力透镜效应？
把星系团（巨大的星系群）想象成一个坐在太空中的巨大且隐形的放大镜。因为它拥有巨大的质量，它会弯曲来自其后方星系的光线。这使得背景星系看起来略微拉伸或变形，就像透过一个弯曲的玻璃碗看鱼一样。通过精确测量这些背景星系被“拉伸”的具体程度，科学家就可以称量出那个隐形星团的重量。

挑战：测量极其微小的拉伸

问题在于，这种拉伸是非常细微的。这就像是在尝试测量一根橡胶圈是否被拉伸了相当于一根人类头发宽度的距离，而与此同时，这根橡胶圈还在风中不停地晃动。

为了完成这项工作，团队使用了一个名为 LensMC 的新软件工具。可以将 LensMC 想象成一个超级智能的图像编辑器，它完全了解相机镜头是如何导致图像畸变的（这被称为“点扩散函数”或 PSF）。该软件必须将由相机本身引起的畸变与由星系团引起的畸变区分开来。

他们做了什么：“试驾测试”

数据： 他们使用了 2025 年 3 月的“快速发布 1”（Q1）图像。这些是来自 Euclid 望远镜的真实图像，而非模拟数据。
计数： 他们处理了数百万个星系。他们发现对于明亮物体，每平方分钟的天空大约有 26 个星系；而对于非常暗淡的物体，每平方分钟高达 75 个。这就像是在一平方英寸的海滩上寻找 75 粒微小的沙子。
清洗： 就像在编辑照片前要先进行清理一样，他们必须去除“坏像素”（传感器上的灰尘）、恒星（不会发生拉伸的物体）以及模糊的斑块。最终，他们得到了一份包含原始目标 84% 的非常干净的列表。

小插曲：寻找“故障”

即使拥有完美的相机，事情也可能出错。团队发现了两种主要的误差类型：

加性偏差（Additive Bias，即“偏移量”）： 想象一下你的尺子稍微向左偏了一点。你进行的每一次测量都会产生相同的偏差。团队发现他们的测量结果在特定方向上略有偏移。
乘性偏差（Multiplicative Bias，即“比例系数”）： 想象一下你的尺子被拉长了，所以原本的 1 英寸实际上变成了 1.1 英寸。

修复方法：
团队意识到这个“故障”（加性偏差）并不是随机的；它取决于星系有多亮以及看起来有多大。这就像是意识到只有在测量红色物体时尺子才会发生偏移，而测量蓝色物体时则不会。

他们创建了一个修正图（correction map）。如果一个星系又亮又小，他们就应用一种修正方案；如果一个星系又暗又大，则应用另一种。
应用此修正后，“故障”消失了，测量结果与物理学预测的结果吻合得更好。

证明：奏效了吗？

为了证明他们的新方法有效，他们进行了三项“压力测试”：

“真空空间”测试： 他们观察了天空中没有星系团的随机区域。如果他们的软件出了问题，会在那里看到虚假的拉伸现象。但并没有。拉伸程度为零，符合预期。
“交叉检查”测试： 他们将结果与来自暗能量调查（DES）（另一台地面望远镜）的数据进行了对比。尽管地面望远镜的视野比较模糊（就像隔着一层雾气看东西），而 Euclid 的视野清晰如镜，但两者的结果几乎完美匹配。这证明了他们的软件并没有凭空捏造数据。
“星团”测试： 他们观察了真实的星系团（特别是 MaDCoWS2 候选体）。他们测量了这些星团周围的拉伸情况，并发现了清晰的信号。
- 结果： 他们成功测量了距离高达 20 亿光年（红移 $z \approx 2$ ）以及距离星团中心 2000 万光年的星系团重量。
- 不足之处： 在地图的最边缘（距离星团中心较远的地方），尤其是对于较近的星团，他们观察到了一点点“噪声”或残留误差。这可能是因为星团太大，触及了照片边缘，或者是由于在边缘处“雾气”（PSF）未能被完美消除。

总结

这篇论文是一个“概念验证”。它表明：

“我们使用了新的 Euclid 相机和全新的 LensMC 软件，成功测量了数百万个星系的形状。我们发现了一些小错误，并根据星系的大小和亮度进行了修正，证明了我们现在可以高精度地称量星系团，甚至是那些非常遥远的星系团。”

为什么这很重要？
这是首次在如此大面积的真实 Euclid 数据上使用这款特定的软件（LensMC）。它证实了当 2026 年“全家福”（第一阶段数据发布）到来时，团队已经准备好以惊人的准确度绘制宇宙结构图，从而帮助我们理解维系宇宙结构的隐形力量（暗物质和暗能量）。

简而言之，他们制造了一把新尺子，在宇宙的一小块区域进行了测试，找到了几个瑕疵并进行了修复，最后确认这把尺子已经为接下来的重大任务做好了准备。

技术摘要：Euclid Q1 LensMC 切变测量目录用于集群透镜科学

问题与背景
Euclid 任务正在为数据发布 1 (DR1) 做准备，该发布将提供广泛的弱透镜数据以约束宇宙学模型。在正式发布之前，Euclid 快速发布 1 (Q1) 数据集（包含分布在三个 Euclid 深场 [EDF-North、EDF-South 和 EDF-Fornax] 中的 63 deg² VIS 图像）已于 2025 年 3 月面世。虽然 Euclid 的主要宇宙切变要求非常严格（要求全调查中的乘性偏差不确定度 $\sigma_m \approx 2 \times 10^{-3}$ ），但集群透镜科学可以容忍稍大的系统误差（量级在 1% 左右）。本文解决的挑战是利用官方 LensMC 方法在 Q1 数据集上生成并验证切变测量目录。其目标是证明测量星系形状和集群透镜剖面的能力，并对系统误差进行充分控制，从而研究包括质量低至 $10^{14} M_\odot$ 、红移高达 $z \approx 2$ 的星系集群。

方法论
作者将 LensMC 算法（Euclid DR1 官方的宇宙切变方法）应用于 Q1 镶嵌堆叠图像。处理流程包括：

数据输入： 利用官方 EUC_MER 镶嵌图像、PSF 网格、像素标志图、检测目录和光度红移。
PSF 建模： 通过对基于网格的 PSF 印迹进行样条插值，生成任意位置的过采样 PSF 图像，以避免欠采样偏差。
目标选择： 测量所有检测到的物体，并应用质量控制来剔除饱和源、边缘效应、亮星掩模和伪检测。应用了针对通量平均半光半径（ $r_{hl} > 0.07''$ ）的特定截断以区分恒星与星系，从而有效移除了恒星群体。
偏差表征与校正：
- 加性偏差 ( $c$ )： 在视场 (FoV) 坐标系中生成了加性偏差图。由于数据量较小且经过了堆叠，未发现显著的空间变异性（可能由于数据量小及堆叠原因），但检测到了全局偏移（ $c_1 \approx -2.35 \times 10^{-3}$ ， $c_2 \approx 1.79 \times 10^{-3}$ ）。开发了一种基于星系星等 ( $I_E$ ) 和半光半径 ( $r_{hl}$ ) 的经验校正方法。
- 乘性偏差 ( $m$ )： 估计原始乘性偏差 $\le 1\%$ ，完全符合集群透镜的保守要求。
验证： 使用以下方式评估目录质量：
- 两点相关函数 ( $\xi_+$ 和 $\xi_-$ )。
- 495 个 MaDCoWS2 集群候选者的堆叠透镜剖面（覆盖 $z \approx 0.2$ 至 $2$）。
- 使用 redMaPPer 集群寻找器与暗能量调查 (DES) Year-3 目录进行交叉验证。
- 使用模拟随机集群位置进行零假设检验 (Null tests)。

关键结果

目录深度与密度： 在 63 deg² 区域内，最终目录在 $I_E < 24.5$ 时实现的表面数密度为 26 arcmin⁻²，在 $I_E < 27$ 时为 75 arcmin⁻²。
偏差校正： 基于星等和尺寸的经验校正成功抑制了大于 10 arcminutes 尺度上的透镜功率，使两点相关函数与名义 $\Lambda$ CDM 模型达成广泛一致。然而， $\xi_-$ 中仍存在过剩功率，这归因于未校准的红移分布和理论假设，而非测量失败。
集群剖面：
- MaDCoWS2 候选者的堆叠切向剪切剖面显示，在 20 Mpc 共动半径内，原始目录与校正后目录保持一致。超过此尺度后，出现了接近 5 $\sigma$ 的偏差，这可能是由于低红移和大半径处的残余系统效应导致的。
- 交叉剪切 (Cross-shear) 剖面保持为零，表明不存在强烈的相干系统误差。
- 对大尺寸物体 ( $r_{hl} < 2''$ ) 进行截断后，剪切剖面降低了约 0.5 个标准差，这表明存在来自伪大尺寸源的轻微正向乘性偏差。
与 DES 的交叉验证： 对于匹配的 redMaPPer 集群，LensMC 与 DES 的剪切测量结果表现出极佳的一致性。测得的微分乘性偏差为 $\delta m = (-5 \pm 8) \times 10^{-2}$ ，加性偏差为 $\delta c = (2 \pm 1) \times 10^{-4}$ ，与零偏差一致。
系统限制： 对随机指向的零假设检验显示，除了低红移透镜在大共动半径 ( $>10$ Mpc) 处外，测量结果与零信号一致。这表明存在残余系统误差，可能由于边界效应、方位角覆盖不全或 PSF 残余引起，这些效应在低红移集群较大的角尺度下更为显著。

意义与主张
本文声称展示了首个使用 LensMC 生成的切变测量目录，旨在为 Euclid DR1 做准备。其主要意义在于证明，尽管 Q1 的调查体积较小，但结合 Euclid 的图像分辨率与深度以及 LensMC 方法论，可以成功测量集群透镜剖面。

具体而言，作者断言他们能够约束质量为 $10^{14} M_\odot$ 、红移高达 $z \approx 2$ 的集群透镜剖面，覆盖了近 100 亿年的演化历史。他们强调，这项分析验证了在 20 Mpc 共动半径内测量这些剖面的能力，并对系统误差进行了良好控制。虽然作者指出，目前的偏差校正可能尚未达到 Euclid 宽场调查宇宙切变分析的严格要求，但对于集群透镜科学而言已足够。这项工作作为即将到来的 DR1 的关键概念验证，确认了该方法论能够处理真实数据的复杂性，并为集群质量分布及其演化提供稳健的约束。

核心大意：巨型太空相机的“试驾测试”

挑战：测量极其微小的拉伸

他们做了什么：“试驾测试”

小插曲：寻找“故障”

证明：奏效了吗？

总结

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