Non-minimality and instability of brake orbits for natural Lagrangians on Riemannian manifolds

This paper establishes that non-constant periodic brake orbits in natural Lagrangian systems on Riemannian manifolds are never action minimizers and are generally linearly or spectrally unstable under specific dimensional and non-degeneracy conditions, a result derived by analyzing local index contributions via Seifert collar coordinates and illustrated through explicit computations for classical mechanical systems.

Luca Asselle, Xijun Hu, Alessandro Portaluri + 1 more2026-03-05🔢 math