⚛️ high-energy experiments

Final Report on the Measurement of the Positive Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment at Fermilab to 127 ppb

费米实验室 Muon g-2 实验利用 2021 年至 2023 年的数据，给出了正缪子反常磁矩的最终测量结果，其精度达到了 127 ppb，并确立了新的实验世界平均值，该数值持续显示出与标准模型预测之间的显著差异。

原作者： 2 Collaboration, D. P. Aguillard (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA), T. Albahri (University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom), D. Allspach (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory2 Collaboration, D. P. Aguillard (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA), T. Albahri (University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom), D. Allspach (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), J. Annala (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), K. Badgley (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), S. Baeßler (University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA), L. Bailey (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom), E. Barlas-Yucel (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA), T. Barrett (Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA), E. Barzi (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), F. Bedeschi (INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy), M. Berz (Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA), M. Bhattacharya (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), H. P. Binney (University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA), P. Bloom (North Central College, Naperville, Illinois, USA), J. Bono (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), E. Bottalico (University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom), T. Bowcock (University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom), S. Braun (University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA), M. Bressler (Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA), G. Cantatore (INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy), R. M. Carey (Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA), B. C. K. Casey (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), D. Cauz (Università di Udine, Udine, Italy), R. Chakraborty (University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA), A. Chapelain (Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA), S. Chappa (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), S. Charity (University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom), C. Chen (Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China), M. Cheng (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA), R. Chislett (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom), Z. Chu (School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China), T. E. Chupp (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA), C. Claessens (University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA), F. Confortini (INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Naples, Italy), M. E. Convery (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), S. Corrodi (Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA), L. Cotrozzi (University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom), J. D. Crnkovic (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), S. Dabagov (INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy), P. T. Debevec (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA), S. Di Falco (INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy), G. Di Sciascio (INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy), S. Donati (INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy), B. Drendel (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), A. Driutti (INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA), M. Eads (Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA), A. Edmonds (Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, City University of New York at York College, Jamaica, New York, USA), J. Esquivel (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), M. Farooq (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA), R. Fatemi (University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA), K. Ferraby (University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom), C. Ferrari (INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy), M. Fertl (Institute of Physics and Cluster of Excellence PRISMA++, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany), A. T. Fienberg (University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA), A. Fioretti (INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy), D. Flay (Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA), S. B. Foster (University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA), H. Friedsam (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), N. S. Froemming (Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA), C. Gabbanini (INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy), I. Gaines (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), S. Ganguly (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), J. George (Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA), L. K. Gibbons (Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA), A. Gioiosa (Università del Molise, Campobasso, Italy), K. L. Giovanetti (Department of Physics and Astronomy, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA), P. Girotti (INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy), W. Gohn (University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA), L. Goodenough (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), T. Gorringe (University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA), J. Grange (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA), S. Grant (Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom), F. Gray (Regis University, Denver, Colorado, USA), S. Haciomeroglu (Center for Axion and Precision Physics), T. Halewood-Leagas (University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom), D. Hampai (INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy), F. Han (University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA), J. Hempstead (University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA), D. W. Hertzog (University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA), G. Hesketh (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom), E. Hess (INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy), A. Hibbert (University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom), Z. Hodge (University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA), S. Y. Hoh (Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China), K. W. Hong (University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA), R. Hong (Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA), T. Hu (Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China), Y. Hu (School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China), M. Iacovacci (INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Naples, Italy), M. Incagli (INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy), S. Israel (Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA), P. Kammel (University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA), M. Kargiantoulakis (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), M. Karuza (INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy), J. Kaspar (University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA), D. Kawall (Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA), L. Kelton (University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas, USA), A. Keshavarzi (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom), D. S. Kessler (Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA), K. S. Khaw (Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China), Z. Khechadoorian (Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA), B. Kiburg (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), M. Kiburg (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA, North Central College, Naperville, Illinois, USA), O. Kim (University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA), N. Kinnaird (Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA), E. Kraegeloh (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA), J. LaBounty (University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA), K. R. Labe (Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA), M. Lancaster (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom), S. Lee (Center for Axion and Precision Physics), B. Li (School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China), D. Li (School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China), L. Li (School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China), I. Logashenko (Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia), A. Lorente Campos (University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA), Z. Lu (School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China), A. Lucà (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), G. Lukicov (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom), A. Lusiani (INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy), A. L. Lyon (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), B. MacCoy (University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA), R. Madrak (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), K. Makino (Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA), S. Mastroianni (INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Naples, Italy), R. McCarthy (Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA), J. P. Miller (Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA), S. Miozzi (INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy), B. Mitra (University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA), J. P. Morgan (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), W. M. Morse (Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA), J. Mott (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), A. Nath (INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Naples, Italy), J. K. Ng (Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China), H. Nguyen (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), Y. Oksuzian (Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA), Z. Omarov (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Center for Axion and Precision Physics), W. Osar (Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA), R. Osofsky (University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA), S. Park (Center for Axion and Precision Physics), G. Pauletta (Università di Udine, Udine, Italy), J. Peck (University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA), G. M. Piacentino (Università del Molise, Campobasso, Italy), R. N. Pilato (University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom), K. T. Pitts (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA), B. Plaster (University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA), N. Pohlman (Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA), C. C. Polly (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), D. Počanić (University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA), J. Price (University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom), B. Quinn (University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA), M. U. H. Qureshi (Institute of Physics and Cluster of Excellence PRISMA++, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany), G. Rakness (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), S. Ramachandran (Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA), E. Ramberg (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), R. Reimann (Institute of Physics and Cluster of Excellence PRISMA++, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany), B. L. Roberts (Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA), D. L. Rubin (Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA), M. Sakurai (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom), L. Santi (Università di Udine, Udine, Italy), C. Schlesier (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA), A. Schreckenberger (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), Y. K. Semertzidis (Center for Axion and Precision Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology), A. K. Soha (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), M. Sorbara (INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy), J. Stapleton (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), D. Still (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), C. Stoughton (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), D. Stratakis (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), D. Stöckinger (Institut für Kern- und Teilchenphysik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany), H. E. Swanson (University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA), G. Sweetmore (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom), D. A. Sweigart (Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA), M. J. Syphers (Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA), Y. Takeuchi (Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China), D. A. Tarazona (Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA), T. Teubner (University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom), A. E. Tewsley-Booth (University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA), V. Tishchenko (Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA), N. H. Tran (Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA), W. Turner (University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom), E. Valetov (Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA), D. Vasilkova (University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom), G. Venanzoni (University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom), T. Walton (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), A. Weisskopf (Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA), L. Welty-Rieger (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), P. Winter (Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA), Y. Wu (Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA), B. Yu (University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA), M. Yucel (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), E. Zaid (University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom), Y. Zeng (Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China), C. Zhang (University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom)

发布于 2026-06-17

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原作者： 2 Collaboration, D. P. Aguillard (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA), T. Albahri (University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom), D. Allspach (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), J. Annala (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), K. Badgley (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), S. Baeßler (University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA), L. Bailey (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom), E. Barlas-Yucel (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA), T. Barrett (Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA), E. Barzi (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), F. Bedeschi (INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy), M. Berz (Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA), M. Bhattacharya (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), H. P. Binney (University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA), P. Bloom (North Central College, Naperville, Illinois, USA), J. Bono (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), E. Bottalico (University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom), T. Bowcock (University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom), S. Braun (University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA), M. Bressler (Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA), G. Cantatore (INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy), R. M. Carey (Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA), B. C. K. Casey (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), D. Cauz (Università di Udine, Udine, Italy), R. Chakraborty (University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA), A. Chapelain (Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA), S. Chappa (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), S. Charity (University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom), C. Chen (Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China), M. Cheng (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA), R. Chislett (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom), Z. Chu (School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China), T. E. Chupp (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA), C. Claessens (University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA), F. Confortini (INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Naples, Italy), M. E. Convery (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), S. Corrodi (Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA), L. Cotrozzi (University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom), J. D. Crnkovic (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), S. Dabagov (INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy), P. T. Debevec (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA), S. Di Falco (INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy), G. Di Sciascio (INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy), S. Donati (INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy), B. Drendel (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), A. Driutti (INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA), M. Eads (Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA), A. Edmonds (Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, City University of New York at York College, Jamaica, New York, USA), J. Esquivel (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), M. Farooq (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA), R. Fatemi (University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA), K. Ferraby (University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom), C. Ferrari (INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy), M. Fertl (Institute of Physics and Cluster of Excellence PRISMA++, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany), A. T. Fienberg (University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA), A. Fioretti (INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy), D. Flay (Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA), S. B. Foster (University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA), H. Friedsam (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), N. S. Froemming (Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA), C. Gabbanini (INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy), I. Gaines (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), S. Ganguly (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), J. George (Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA), L. K. Gibbons (Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA), A. Gioiosa (Università del Molise, Campobasso, Italy), K. L. Giovanetti (Department of Physics and Astronomy, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA), P. Girotti (INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy), W. Gohn (University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA), L. Goodenough (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), T. Gorringe (University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA), J. Grange (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA), S. Grant (Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom), F. Gray (Regis University, Denver, Colorado, USA), S. Haciomeroglu (Center for Axion and Precision Physics), T. Halewood-Leagas (University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom), D. Hampai (INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy), F. Han (University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA), J. Hempstead (University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA), D. W. Hertzog (University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA), G. Hesketh (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom), E. Hess (INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy), A. Hibbert (University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom), Z. Hodge (University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA), S. Y. Hoh (Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China), K. W. Hong (University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA), R. Hong (Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA), T. Hu (Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China), Y. Hu (School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China), M. Iacovacci (INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Naples, Italy), M. Incagli (INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy), S. Israel (Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA), P. Kammel (University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA), M. Kargiantoulakis (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), M. Karuza (INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy), J. Kaspar (University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA), D. Kawall (Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA), L. Kelton (University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas, USA), A. Keshavarzi (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom), D. S. Kessler (Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA), K. S. Khaw (Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China), Z. Khechadoorian (Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA), B. Kiburg (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), M. Kiburg (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA, North Central College, Naperville, Illinois, USA), O. Kim (University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA), N. Kinnaird (Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA), E. Kraegeloh (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA), J. LaBounty (University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA), K. R. Labe (Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA), M. Lancaster (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom), S. Lee (Center for Axion and Precision Physics), B. Li (School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China), D. Li (School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China), L. Li (School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China), I. Logashenko (Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia), A. Lorente Campos (University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA), Z. Lu (School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China), A. Lucà (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), G. Lukicov (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom), A. Lusiani (INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy), A. L. Lyon (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), B. MacCoy (University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA), R. Madrak (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), K. Makino (Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA), S. Mastroianni (INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Naples, Italy), R. McCarthy (Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA), J. P. Miller (Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA), S. Miozzi (INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy), B. Mitra (University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA), J. P. Morgan (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), W. M. Morse (Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA), J. Mott (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), A. Nath (INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Naples, Italy), J. K. Ng (Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China), H. Nguyen (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), Y. Oksuzian (Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA), Z. Omarov (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Center for Axion and Precision Physics), W. Osar (Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA), R. Osofsky (University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA), S. Park (Center for Axion and Precision Physics), G. Pauletta (Università di Udine, Udine, Italy), J. Peck (University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA), G. M. Piacentino (Università del Molise, Campobasso, Italy), R. N. Pilato (University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom), K. T. Pitts (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA), B. Plaster (University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA), N. Pohlman (Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA), C. C. Polly (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), D. Počanić (University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA), J. Price (University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom), B. Quinn (University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA), M. U. H. Qureshi (Institute of Physics and Cluster of Excellence PRISMA++, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany), G. Rakness (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), S. Ramachandran (Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA), E. Ramberg (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), R. Reimann (Institute of Physics and Cluster of Excellence PRISMA++, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany), B. L. Roberts (Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA), D. L. Rubin (Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA), M. Sakurai (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom), L. Santi (Università di Udine, Udine, Italy), C. Schlesier (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA), A. Schreckenberger (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), Y. K. Semertzidis (Center for Axion and Precision Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology), A. K. Soha (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), M. Sorbara (INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy), J. Stapleton (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), D. Still (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), C. Stoughton (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), D. Stratakis (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), D. Stöckinger (Institut für Kern- und Teilchenphysik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany), H. E. Swanson (University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA), G. Sweetmore (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom), D. A. Sweigart (Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA), M. J. Syphers (Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA), Y. Takeuchi (Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China), D. A. Tarazona (Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA), T. Teubner (University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom), A. E. Tewsley-Booth (University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA), V. Tishchenko (Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA), N. H. Tran (Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA), W. Turner (University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom), E. Valetov (Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA), D. Vasilkova (University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom), G. Venanzoni (University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom), T. Walton (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), A. Weisskopf (Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA), L. Welty-Rieger (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), P. Winter (Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA), Y. Wu (Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA), B. Yu (University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA), M. Yucel (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA), E. Zaid (University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom), Y. Zeng (Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China), C. Zhang (University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom)

原始论文采用 CC BY 4.0 许可（http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/）。 ✨ 这是对下方论文的AI生成解释。它不是由作者撰写或认可的。如需技术准确性，请参阅原始论文。阅读完整免责声明

想象一下，宇宙是一本巨大的、隐形的规则书，叫做标准模型。几十年来，物理学家一直试图读完这本书的每一页，以了解存在于微观世界的最小粒子是如何行为的。在这个故事中，有一个最重要的角色是缪子（muon），它本质上是电子的一个沉重且不稳定的“表亲”。

这篇论文是来自费米实验室（位于伊利诺伊州的一个巨型粒子加速器）的一项大规模实验的最终报告，该实验以前所未有的精度测量了缪子的“磁性人格”。以下是他们的发现，用通俗易懂的方式进行了解释。

缪子：如同一只旋转的陀螺

不要仅仅把缪子看作一个微小的球体，而要把它看作一只带有微型磁铁的旋转陀螺。因为它带有电荷和自旋，所以它表现得像一个微小的条形磁铁。

根据“规则书”（标准模型），如果你把这个旋转的陀螺放入磁场中，它应该以一个非常特定、可预测的速度进行摆动（进动）。科学家们称之为 g因子。对于一个完美的、简单的陀螺，数学计算表明它的摆动值应该恰好为 2。

然而，量子物理学告诉我们，空间的真空并非空无一物。那里充满了不断产生又消失的“虚粒子”构成的泡沫汤。这些虚粒子与缪子发生相互作用，轻微地改变了它的摆动方式。这种微小的变化被称为反常磁矩（或称“异常”）。这就像旋转的陀螺因为撞到了房间里看不见的“幽灵”，导致其摆动速度比规则书预测的稍微快了一点或慢了一点。

实验：一场宇宙赛车赛

为了测量这种微小的摆动，科学家们建造了一个储存环，这本质上是一个由磁铁组成的巨大、超稳定的赛车场。

赛车手： 他们将数百万个缪子射入这个环中。
赛道： 缪子在环中以接近光速的速度绕行，并被一个极其均匀的磁场固定在原位。
终点线： 随着缪子在环中绕行，它们最终会衰变（死亡），射出被称为正电子的高能粒子。通过统计随时间变化的正电子数量，科学家们就能捕捉到缪子摆动的节奏。

这就像是通过聆听一个旋转陀螺在减速时发出的声音，来测量它的摆动。听到的“咔哒声”（正电子）越响亮、越频繁，就意味着他们能听得越清楚这种节奏。

挑战：交响乐中的噪音

测量这种摆动极其困难，因为“赛道”并非完美平滑，且“陀螺”也并非完全稳定。

抖动： 缪子并不只是完美地绕圈；它们还会上下及左右晃动（就像汽车在直线行驶时轻微地左右摆动一样）。
噪音： 捕捉正电子的探测器本身也有其怪癖，比如麦克风的电池电量下降会导致声音变小。
幽灵： 磁场并非完全静态；由于机械设备的开关运行，磁场会产生微小的波动。

为了得到答案，团队必须建立一个极其复杂的数学模型，以减去所有这些“噪音”和“抖动”，从而听到纯净的缪子摆动。他们使用了六个不同的科学家团队，每个团队都使用不同的方法来分析数据，以确保他们不会犯下同样的错误。这就像是有六位不同的厨师品尝同一锅汤，以确保盐分水平准确无误。

结果：规则书上的裂痕？

在分析了从2021年到2023年收集的数据（这是他们之前尝试数据的2.5倍）后，他们计算出的缪子摆动值精度达到了 1270亿分之一。这相当于测量从地球到月球的距离，而误差竟然小于一根人类头发的宽度。

重大发现：
他们测得的数值与标准模型预测的数值并不匹配。

预测： 规则书说摆动值应该是 X。
现实： 实验表明摆动值是 Y。
差距： 这种差异大约为 4 到 5 个标准差。在物理学界，这是一个“呐喊”。这意味着极大概率说明规则书漏掉了一个章节。

这意味着什么？

论文的结论是，标准模型很可能是不完整的。与缪子相互作用的“隐形幽灵”（虚粒子）可能包含了新的、尚未被发现的粒子，而当前的规则书并不知道这些粒子。

可以这样理解：多年来，我们认为宇宙是一个拥有1000块拼图碎片的拼图。我们心中有一个关于完成后的拼图应该长什么样的图像。但当我们真正把碎片拼凑在一起时，我们发现有几块碎片并不符合图像。这次实验证实了那些碎片确实存在，这暗示着有新的碎片（新物理学）正在等待被发现。

总结

这篇论文是对迄今为止最精确的缪子磁性摆动测量。它证实了一个长期的谜团：缪子的行为与我们目前最好的理论预测略有不同。这并不是数学上的错误，而是一个信号，表明自然界比我们想象的更加复杂和有趣，预示着我们尚未发现的新粒子或新力量的存在。

技术摘要：费米实验室正缪子异常磁矩测量最终报告（精度达 127 ppb）

问题与动机
缪子磁矩的测量，特别是异常磁矩 $a_\mu = (g_\mu - 2)/2$ ，是量子电动力学（QED）和标准模型（SM）的重要精密检验。虽然电子异常由 QED 主导并用于确定精细结构常数，但缪子较大的质量（ $m_\mu \approx 207 m_e$ ）使其对超越标准模型（BSM）物理的敏感度提高了 $m_\mu^2/m_e^2 \approx 43,000$ 倍。此前的测量（尤其是布鲁克海文国家实验室 BNL 的 E821 实验）揭示了与标准模型预测之间的偏差，随着理论计算的改进，该偏差已达到约 3.5 个标准差。费米国家加速器实验室（FNAL）的 Muon $g-2$ 实验旨在将实验精度提高到 BNL 的四倍，从而为这些新物理学的迹象提供决定性的结论。

方法论
实验通过将极化正缪子储存在具有“魔力动量”3.094 GeV/c ( $\gamma = 29.3$ ) 的高度均匀垂直磁场 ( $\vec{B}$ ) 中来测量 $a_\mu$ 。在此动量下，自旋进动方程中的电场聚焦项在一阶处消失。异常进动频率 $\omega_a$ 是通过衰变正电子的时间分布确定的，而磁场强度则通过屏蔽质子的拉莫尔频率 $\omega'_p$ 来表征。异常值是通过比值 $R'_\mu = \omega_a / \omega'_p$ 结合精确已知的常数推导而出的。

分析利用了从 2018 年到 2023 年六个运行周期（Run-1 至 Run-6）收集的数据。最终报告侧重于 Run-4/5/6 数据集，该数据集包含了总统计量的约 70%（超过此前结果的 2.5 倍）。关键方法论组成部分包括：

正电子重建与 $\omega_a$ 确定： 衰变正电子由 24 个电磁量热计探测。分析采用了四种不同的重建方法（Local I, Local II, Global, 和 Energy Flow）以及十种拟合策略的变化，以提取 $\omega_a$ 。这些方法利用不同的手段来处理堆积（pileup）、束流动力学和增益变化。数据经过硬件盲测，并由独立团队进行分析以确保稳健性。
束流动力学修正： 测得的频率 $\omega^m_a$ $ω_{a}^{m}$ 需要针对非理想束流行为进行修正。Run-4/5/6 的主要改进包括在静电四极器（ESQ）上引入射频（RF）系统，以抑制相干贝塔振荡（CBO）。以下各项进行了修正：
- 电场 ( $C_e$ )： 考虑偏离魔力动量的动量弥散偏差。
- 俯仰角 ( $C_p$ )： 修正垂直贝塔振荡。
- 随时间变化的系综： 对相位接受度（ $C_{pa}$ ）、微分衰变（ $C_{dd}$ ）和缪子损失（ $C_{ml}$ ）进行修正。
磁场测量 ( $\omega_p$ )： 使用带有 17 个核磁共振（NMR）探头的移动小车进行磁场映射，并由约 400 个固定 NMR 探头进行监测。严格的校准链将小车探头与参考温度为 25°C 的球形水样联系起来，并根据 CODATA 2022 建议进行了更新。针对探头特定效应、环境因素（如磁图像、氧气）以及来自 kicker 和 ESQ 的瞬态场进行了修正。

关键贡献与改进
本报告详细介绍了使用完整 Run-4/5/6 数据集的最终测量结果，并引入了较之前结果的多项技术进步：

RF 系统运行： 在 ESQ 上实施水平和垂直 RF 场，使 CBO 幅度和缪子损失降低了五倍，显著降低了与束流动力学相关的系统不确定度。
增强的动量分布分析： 利用新的基于 $\chi^2$ 的快速旋转（Fast-Rotation）分析优化了电场修正（ $C_e$ ），该分析考虑了时间-动量相关性，并辅以通过微型侵入式闪烁光纤（MiniSciFi）探测器验证的正电子追踪分析。
微分衰变修正： 分析将直接注入分量和横向注入分量合并为一个通过模拟评估的单一注入项，解决了注入过程中的复杂混合问题。
校准更新： 磁场校准采用了 25°C 的参考温度，并包含了针对 J-PARC 校准探头和基于 $^3$ He 的 NMR 探头的广泛交叉检查，导致特定交叉检查项的不确定度有所增加，以确保一致性。
盲测与交叉检查： 分析采用了多团队协作模式，使用独立的盲测偏移量和广泛的闭合测试（包括直方图交换和起始时间稳定性扫描），以验证结果的稳健性。

结果
最终测量得出正缪子异常磁矩的值如下：

Run-4/5/6 数据集： $a_\mu = 116,592,0710(162) \times 10^{-12}$ (139 ppb)。
与此前结果合并： 与 Run-1 及 Run-2/3 数据合并后，结果为 $a_\mu = 116,592,0705(148) \times 10^{-12}$ (127 ppb)。
实验世界平均值： 由 FNAL 测量主导的新实验世界平均值为 $a_\mu^{\text{Exp}} = 116,592,0715(145) \times 10^{-12}$ (124 ppb)。

总不确定度降至 127 ppb，超过了实验设计目标 10%。统计不确定度为 98 ppb，总系统不确定度为 78 ppb。

意义
本文声称该结果提供了迄今为止最精确的缪子磁异常测量。所实现的精度以及实验结果在数十年间的稳定性，为任何未来的标准模型扩展提供了基本的基准。报告强调，不同数据集、重建方法和束流条件之间的一致性，验证了实验技术和对系统不确定度的严谨处理。文章最后指出，这一测量结果结合“缪子 $g-2$ 理论倡议”的努力，继续测试着标准模型的完整性，尽管关于其与理论的具体比较以及由此产生的偏差讨论是在本报告的另一章节而非作为本测量文档的主要主张进行讨论的。

缪子：如同一只旋转的陀螺

实验：一场宇宙赛车赛

挑战：交响乐中的噪音

结果：规则书上的裂痕？

这意味着什么？

总结

类似论文