Pseudoreplication and Session-Level Variability in CAN-Bus Tractor Telemetry: Mixed-Effects and Machine-Learning Analysis
This study analyzes high-frequency CAN-Bus telemetry from a power-shuttle tractor to demonstrate that session-level variability is the dominant source of engine-load variation, significantly outweighing implement type, thereby highlighting the critical need to address pseudoreplication and non-independence in agricultural machine-learning research.