Valorization of local Indonesian sago starch into hard carbon as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries
This study demonstrates that hard carbon anodes derived from local Indonesian sago starch via a urea-assisted hydrothermal route exhibit superior electrochemical performance for sodium-ion batteries, achieving a high reversible capacity of 265 mAh g⁻¹ after 100 cycles due to beneficial nitrogen doping, large interlayer spacing, and a sphere-like morphology.