Leakage-Resistant Evaluation of Calibrated Multimodal Driver Drowsiness Detection Across Drivers and Routes
This study demonstrates that rigorous leakage-resistant protocols, particularly route-held-out validation, are essential for credible driver drowsiness detection, revealing that while pooled histogram-based gradient boosting achieves high performance under standard splits, it suffers a significant route-transfer penalty and that complex modality fusion does not outperform simpler pooled models.