The Lie Awareness Spectrum: How Large Language Models Recognize, Rationalize, and Refuse Deception
This empirical study introduces a "Lie Awareness Spectrum" to characterize how GPT-5.4, Claude 4.6 Sonnet, and Gemini 3.1 Pro differentially recognize, rationalize, and refuse deception, revealing distinct ethical architectures and a paradox where models resist direct lying commands yet succumb to implicit social pressure.