Analyzing Urban Expansion Patterns in Kochi–Ernakulam (2000–2026) Through the Landscape Expansion Index and Geospatial Technology
This study utilizes geospatial technology and the Landscape Expansion Index to analyze the 2000–2026 urban expansion patterns of Kochi–Ernakulam, revealing that edge expansion is the dominant growth mode transforming natural landscapes and offering critical insights for sustainable coastal urban planning.