Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve in South Asia: A Pooled Mean Group Analysis of Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions
This study reexamines the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis for five South Asian economies from 1990 to 2023 using a Pooled Mean Group approach, revealing a U-shaped relationship between income and greenhouse gas emissions rather than the traditional inverted-U, with energy consumption identified as the primary long-run driver and a significant 45% annual adjustment rate toward equilibrium.