CSR Awareness and Perceived Rural Development Outcomes in Gujarat’s Oil and Gas Sector
Based on a survey of 431 rural residents across five districts in Gujarat's oil and gas sector, this study reveals an "awareness paradox" where higher knowledge of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives does not lead to greater perceived rural development outcomes, suggesting that compliance-driven CSR communication often functions as a decoupled legitimacy signal rather than a driver of substantive beneficiary value.