ESG-4D Valuation with Modern Parametric Formulas: A Quantitative Model for Integrating Environmental, Social and Governance Criteria into Construction Project Valuation in Peru
This study introduces and validates the ESG-4D model, a quantitative framework that integrates Environmental, Social, and Governance criteria directly into parametric construction cost formulas within Peru's regulatory context, demonstrating that this approach reduces financial uncertainty by 12–18% and optimizes decision-making compared to traditional valuation methods.