Endpoint Modernization in Registered Multiple Sclerosis Trials: A ClinicalTrials.gov Analysis of Progression-Sensitive, Biomarker, Patient-Reported, and Digital Outcomes
This analysis of ClinicalTrials.gov reveals that while registered Multiple Sclerosis trials have increasingly adopted patient-centered, cognitive, biomarker, and digital endpoints since 2010, they continue to rarely incorporate explicit measures of progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA) or smoldering disease biology, highlighting a significant gap between modern disease concepts and current trial design.