neuroscience papers | Gist.Science

Neuroscience explores the intricate machinery of the brain and nervous system, seeking to understand how we think, feel, and move. From the microscopic dance of individual neurons to the complex networks that shape our memories and behaviors, this field peels back the layers of our biological selves to reveal the origins of consciousness and disease.

At Gist.Science, we bring these discoveries directly from bioRxiv, the leading preprint server for biological sciences, to a broader audience. We process every new neuroscience preprint as it is uploaded, transforming dense academic manuscripts into clear, plain-language explanations alongside detailed technical summaries. This ensures that both curious readers and specialists can stay current with the latest breakthroughs before they are formally published.

Below are the latest neuroscience papers we have processed from bioRxiv, offering fresh insights into the workings of the mind.

🧠 neuroscience

The Cerebellar Engine: Multiscale Digital Brain Co-simulations Reveal How Cerebellar Spiking Architecture Shapes Cortical Coherence

By developing a multiscale digital brain co-simulator that integrates a spiking olivo-cerebellar network with a mouse virtual brain, researchers demonstrated that cerebellar spike processing is essential for generating gamma-band coherence between motor and sensory cortices, thereby revealing the cellular mechanisms underlying the cerebellum's role in sensorimotor prediction.

Geminiani, A., Meier, J. M., Perdikis, D., Ouertani, S., Casellato, C., Ritter, P., D'Angelo, E. U.2026-04-04

🧠 neuroscience

Synaptotagmin isoforms differentially regulate glutamate and GABA release in the lateral habenula

This study demonstrates that in the lateral habenula, Synaptotagmin-2 and Synaptotagmin-3 act as distinct calcium sensors that differentially regulate glutamate and GABA release, respectively, from dual-transmitter terminals originating in the globus pallidus internus, thereby establishing a presynaptic molecular mechanism for controlling excitatory-inhibitory balance.

White, D. N., Kushner, J. K., Winther, K. E., McGovern, D. J., Basta, T., Hoeffer, C. A., Donaldson, Z. R., David H. Roo (…)2026-04-04

🧠 neuroscience

The astrocyte clock controls circadian perineuronal net remodeling, synapse strength and learning behavior

This study demonstrates that the astrocyte-specific circadian clock regulates the daily remodeling of perineuronal nets, thereby controlling synaptic plasticity and learning behaviors.

Smith, P. C., Quillin, E., McKee, C. A., Dang, B., Papouin, T., Musiek, E. S.2026-04-04

🧠 neuroscience

Neural sampling from cognitive maps enables goal-directed imagination and planning

This paper proposes an energy-efficient neural network model that integrates cognitive maps, stochastic computing, and compositional coding to enable goal-directed imagination and planning for novel problems using only local synaptic plasticity, offering a viable alternative to resource-intensive deep learning for edge devices.

Lin, H., Yang, Y., Zhao, R., Pezzulo, G., Maass, W.2026-04-03

🧠 neuroscience

LIS1 is critical for axon integrity in adult mice

This study demonstrates that while LIS1 depletion in astrocytes is non-lethal, its loss in projection neurons of adult mice triggers rapid lethality and widespread axonal degeneration, suggesting that LIS1 is essential for maintaining axon integrity through its regulation of cytoplasmic dynein 1.

Matoo, S., Ventrone, A. M., Patel, S., Otterson, J., Noonan, S. A., Leever, N., Hines, T. J., Kalinski, A. L., Smith, D. (…)2026-04-03

🧠 neuroscience

Tonic feedback motor commands drive visuomotor learning

This study demonstrates that while visuomotor feedback responses track the temporal pattern of visual errors, the motor learning system selectively extracts the amplitude of the feedback response during the holding period to update future motor commands, rather than transferring the error's temporal pattern to subsequent trials.

Makino, Y., Kobayashi, T., Nozaki, D.2026-04-03

🧠 neuroscience

A quantitative census of millions of postsynaptic structures in a large electron microscopy volume of mouse visual cortex

This paper introduces a cost-efficient, mesh-based computational pipeline that accurately classifies postsynaptic targets across millions of synapses in large-scale electron microscopy volumes, enabling a comprehensive census of the mouse visual cortex that reveals both expected and novel connectivity patterns while generalizing effectively to other connectomes.

Pedigo, B. D., Danskin, B. P., Swanstrom, R., Neace, E., Dorkenwald, S., da Costa, N. M., Schneider-Mizell, C. M., Collm (…)2026-04-03

🧠 neuroscience

Charge Based Boundary Element Method with Residual Driven Adaptive Mesh Refinement for High Resolution Electrical Stimulation Modeling

This paper presents a novel adaptive mesh refinement strategy for the charge-based boundary element method accelerated by the fast multipole method, which utilizes a new residual-driven error estimator to achieve high-resolution, numerically stable forward modeling for transcranial electrical stimulation and EEG across realistic multi-tissue head models.

Drumm, D. A., Noetscher, G., Oppermann, H., Haueisen, J., Deng, Z.-D., Makaroff, S. N.2026-04-03

🧠 neuroscience

Heterogeneity of white matter structure in the human brain

This study presents a novel histological and imaging pipeline that reveals the previously uncharacterized three-dimensional organization of individual axons in post-mortem human white matter, uncovering striking regional diversity in architectural motifs that likely reflect local adaptations to spatial and connectivity constraints.

Reid, R. C., Turschak, E. E., Yu, W.-Q., Takasaki, K. T., Cook, S. J., Torres, R., Gliko, O., Hellevik, A., Guadarrama (…)2026-04-03

🧠 neuroscience

A human subcortical connectome at 400 μm resolution

This paper presents the first extensive, high-resolution (400 μm) reconstruction of human subcortical fiber pathways using ultra-high-resolution ex vivo dMRI to create a validated atlas that guides neuromodulation therapies and paves the way for future in vivo clinical applications.

Maffei, C., Gong, T., Neudorfer, C., Sung, D., Mihir, D., Gunalan, K., Ghosh, S. S., Augustinack, J. C., Huang, S. Y., R (…)2026-04-03

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