🔭 astrophysics

Ultra-high-energy $\gamma$ -ray imprints from PeV particles accelerated by supernova remnants

L'osservazione tramite LHAASO di emissioni di raggi gamma fino a centinaia di TeV nei resti di supernova G150.3+4.5 e $\gamma$ -Cygni fornisce la prima prova diretta che i resti di supernova possono accelerare particelle fino a energie PeV, le quali producono emissioni gamma interagendo con le nubi molecolari circostanti.

Autori originali: Zhen Cao (The LHAASO Collaboration), F. Aharonian (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. X. Bai (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. W. Bao (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. Bastieri (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. J. Zhen Cao (The LHAASO Collaboration), F. Aharonian (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. X. Bai (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. W. Bao (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. Bastieri (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. J. Bi (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. J. Bi (The LHAASO Collaboration), W. Bian (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. Blunier (The LHAASO Collaboration), A. V. Bukevich (The LHAASO Collaboration), C. M. Cai (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Y. Cai (The LHAASO Collaboration), W. Y. Cao (The LHAASO Collaboration), Zhe Cao (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. Chang (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. F. Chang (The LHAASO Collaboration), E. S. Chen (The LHAASO Collaboration), G. H. Chen (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. K. Chen (The LHAASO Collaboration), L. F. Chen (The LHAASO Collaboration), Liang Chen (The LHAASO Collaboration), Long Chen (The LHAASO Collaboration), M. J. Chen (The LHAASO Collaboration), M. L. Chen (The LHAASO Collaboration), Q. H. Chen (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. Chen (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. H. Chen (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. Z. Chen (The LHAASO Collaboration), T. L. Chen (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. B. Chen (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. J. Chen (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. P. Chen (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Chen (The LHAASO Collaboration), N. Cheng (The LHAASO Collaboration), Q. Y. Cheng (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. D. Cheng (The LHAASO Collaboration), M. Y. Cui (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. W. Cui (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. H. Cui (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. D. Cui (The LHAASO Collaboration), B. Z. Dai (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. L. Dai (The LHAASO Collaboration), Z. G. Dai (The LHAASO Collaboration), Danzengluobu (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. X. Diao (The LHAASO Collaboration), A. J. Dong (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. Q. Dong (The LHAASO Collaboration), K. K. Duan (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. H. Fan (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Z. Fan (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. Fang (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. H. Fang (The LHAASO Collaboration), K. Fang (The LHAASO Collaboration), C. F. Feng (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. Feng (The LHAASO Collaboration), L. Feng (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. H. Feng (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. T. Feng (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Feng (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. L. Feng (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. Gabici (The LHAASO Collaboration), B. Gao (The LHAASO Collaboration), Q. Gao (The LHAASO Collaboration), W. Gao (The LHAASO Collaboration), W. K. Gao (The LHAASO Collaboration), M. M. Ge (The LHAASO Collaboration), T. T. Ge (The LHAASO Collaboration), L. S. Geng (The LHAASO Collaboration), G. Giacinti (The LHAASO Collaboration), G. H. Gong (The LHAASO Collaboration), Q. B. Gou (The LHAASO Collaboration), M. H. Gu (The LHAASO Collaboration), F. L. Guo (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. Guo (The LHAASO Collaboration), K. J. Guo (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. L. Guo (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Q. Guo (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Y. Guo (The LHAASO Collaboration), R. P. Han (The LHAASO Collaboration), O. A. Hannuksela (The LHAASO Collaboration), M. Hasan (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. H. He (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. N. He (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. Y. He (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. Y. He (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. He (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. Hernández-Cadena (The LHAASO Collaboration), B. W. Hou (The LHAASO Collaboration), C. Hou (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. Hou (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. B. Hu (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. C. Hu (The LHAASO Collaboration), C. Huang (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. H. Huang (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. J. Huang (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. L. Huang (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. T. Huang (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. Y. Huang (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Huang (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Y. Huang (The LHAASO Collaboration), A. Inventar (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. L. Ji (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. Y. Jia (The LHAASO Collaboration), K. Jia (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. B. Jiang (The LHAASO Collaboration), K. Jiang (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. W. Jiang (The LHAASO Collaboration), Z. J. Jiang (The LHAASO Collaboration), M. Jin (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. Kaci (The LHAASO Collaboration), M. M. Kang (The LHAASO Collaboration), I. Karpikov (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. Khangulyan (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. Kuleshov (The LHAASO Collaboration), K. Kurinov (The LHAASO Collaboration), Cheng Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), Cong Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), F. Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. B. Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. C. Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), Jian Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), Jie Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), K. Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), L. Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), R. L. Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. D. Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), T. Y. Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), W. L. Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. R. Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), Zhe Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), Zhuo Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), E. W. Liang (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. F. Liang (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. J. Lin (The LHAASO Collaboration), B. Liu (The LHAASO Collaboration), C. Liu (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. Liu (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. B. Liu (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. Liu (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. Liu (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. L. Liu (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. R. Liu (The LHAASO Collaboration), M. Y. Liu (The LHAASO Collaboration), R. Y. Liu (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. M. Liu (The LHAASO Collaboration), W. Liu (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. Liu (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Liu (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Liu (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. N. Liu (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Q. Lou (The LHAASO Collaboration), Q. Luo (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Luo (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. K. Lv (The LHAASO Collaboration), B. Q. Ma (The LHAASO Collaboration), L. L. Ma (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. H. Ma (The LHAASO Collaboration), I. O. Maliy (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. R. Mao (The LHAASO Collaboration), Z. Min (The LHAASO Collaboration), W. Mitthumsiri (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Mizuno (The LHAASO Collaboration), G. B. Mou (The LHAASO Collaboration), A. Neronov (The LHAASO Collaboration), K. C. Y. Ng (The LHAASO Collaboration), M. Y. Ni (The LHAASO Collaboration), L. Nie (The LHAASO Collaboration), L. J. Ou (The LHAASO Collaboration), Z. W. Ou (The LHAASO Collaboration), P. Pattarakijwanich (The LHAASO Collaboration), Z. Y. Pei (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. Y. Peng (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. C. Qi (The LHAASO Collaboration), M. Y. Qi (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. J. Qin (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. Qu (The LHAASO Collaboration), A. Raza (The LHAASO Collaboration), C. Y. Ren (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. Ruffolo (The LHAASO Collaboration), A. Sáiz (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. Savchenko (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. Semikoz (The LHAASO Collaboration), L. Shao (The LHAASO Collaboration), O. Shchegolev (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Z. Shen (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. D. Sheng (The LHAASO Collaboration), Z. D. Shi (The LHAASO Collaboration), F. W. Shu (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. C. Song (The LHAASO Collaboration), Yu. V. Stenkin (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Su (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. X. Sun (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. Sun (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. X. Sun (The LHAASO Collaboration), Q. N. Sun (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. N. Sun (The LHAASO Collaboration), Z. B. Sun (The LHAASO Collaboration), N. H. Tabasam (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. Takata (The LHAASO Collaboration), P. H. T. Tam (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. B. Tan (The LHAASO Collaboration), Q. W. Tang (The LHAASO Collaboration), R. Tang (The LHAASO Collaboration), Z. B. Tang (The LHAASO Collaboration), W. W. Tian (The LHAASO Collaboration), C. N. Tong (The LHAASO Collaboration), L. H. Wan (The LHAASO Collaboration), C. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. H. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), G. W. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. G. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. C. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), K. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), Kai Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), Kai Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), L. P. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), L. Y. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), L. Y. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), R. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), W. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. G. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. J. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. Y. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. D. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), Z. H. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), Z. X. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), Zheng Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. M. Wei (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. J. Wei (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. J. Wei (The LHAASO Collaboration), T. Wen (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. S. Weng (The LHAASO Collaboration), C. Y. Wu (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. R. Wu (The LHAASO Collaboration), Q. W. Wu (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. Wu (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. F. Wu (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. S. Wu (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. Q. Xi (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. Xia (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. J. Xia (The LHAASO Collaboration), G. M. Xiang (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. X. Xiao (The LHAASO Collaboration), G. Xiao (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. F. Xiao (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. L. Xin (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. D. Xing (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Xing (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. R. Xiong (The LHAASO Collaboration), B. N. Xu (The LHAASO Collaboration), C. Y. Xu (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. L. Xu (The LHAASO Collaboration), R. F. Xu (The LHAASO Collaboration), R. X. Xu (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. S. Xu (The LHAASO Collaboration), W. L. Xu (The LHAASO Collaboration), L. Xue (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. H. Yan (The LHAASO Collaboration), T. Yan (The LHAASO Collaboration), C. W. Yang (The LHAASO Collaboration), C. Y. Yang (The LHAASO Collaboration), F. F. Yang (The LHAASO Collaboration), L. L. Yang (The LHAASO Collaboration), M. J. Yang (The LHAASO Collaboration), R. Z. Yang (The LHAASO Collaboration), W. X. Yang (The LHAASO Collaboration), Z. H. Yang (The LHAASO Collaboration), Z. G. Yao (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. A. Ye (The LHAASO Collaboration), L. Q. Yin (The LHAASO Collaboration), N. Yin (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. H. You (The LHAASO Collaboration), Z. Y. You (The LHAASO Collaboration), Q. Yuan (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. Yue (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. D. Zeng (The LHAASO Collaboration), T. X. Zeng (The LHAASO Collaboration), W. Zeng (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. T. Zeng (The LHAASO Collaboration), M. Zha (The LHAASO Collaboration), B. B. Zhang (The LHAASO Collaboration), B. T. Zhang (The LHAASO Collaboration), C. Zhang (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. Zhang (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. M. Zhang (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. Y. Zhang (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. L. Zhang (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. Y. Zhang (The LHAASO Collaboration), Li Zhang (The LHAASO Collaboration), P. F. Zhang (The LHAASO Collaboration), R. Zhang (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. R. Zhang (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. S. Zhang (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. Y. Zhang (The LHAASO Collaboration), W. Zhang (The LHAASO Collaboration), W. Y. Zhang (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. Zhang (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. P. Zhang (The LHAASO Collaboration), Yi Zhang (The LHAASO Collaboration), Yong Zhang (The LHAASO Collaboration), Z. P. Zhang (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. Zhao (The LHAASO Collaboration), L. Zhao (The LHAASO Collaboration), L. Z. Zhao (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. P. Zhao (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. H. Zhao (The LHAASO Collaboration), Z. H. Zhao (The LHAASO Collaboration), F. Zheng (The LHAASO Collaboration), T. C. Zheng (The LHAASO Collaboration), B. Zhou (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. Zhou (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. N. Zhou (The LHAASO Collaboration), M. Zhou (The LHAASO Collaboration), P. Zhou (The LHAASO Collaboration), R. Zhou (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. X. Zhou (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. X. Zhou (The LHAASO Collaboration), B. Y. Zhu (The LHAASO Collaboration), C. G. Zhu (The LHAASO Collaboration), F. R. Zhu (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. Zhu (The LHAASO Collaboration), K. J. Zhu (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. C. Zou (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. Zuo (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Li

Pubblicato 2026-04-27

📖 3 min di lettura☕ Lettura da pausa caffè

CC BY 4.0

Autori originali: Zhen Cao (The LHAASO Collaboration), F. Aharonian (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. X. Bai (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. W. Bao (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. Bastieri (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. J. Bi (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. J. Bi (The LHAASO Collaboration), W. Bian (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. Blunier (The LHAASO Collaboration), A. V. Bukevich (The LHAASO Collaboration), C. M. Cai (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Y. Cai (The LHAASO Collaboration), W. Y. Cao (The LHAASO Collaboration), Zhe Cao (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. Chang (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. F. Chang (The LHAASO Collaboration), E. S. Chen (The LHAASO Collaboration), G. H. Chen (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. K. Chen (The LHAASO Collaboration), L. F. Chen (The LHAASO Collaboration), Liang Chen (The LHAASO Collaboration), Long Chen (The LHAASO Collaboration), M. J. Chen (The LHAASO Collaboration), M. L. Chen (The LHAASO Collaboration), Q. H. Chen (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. Chen (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. H. Chen (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. Z. Chen (The LHAASO Collaboration), T. L. Chen (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. B. Chen (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. J. Chen (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. P. Chen (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Chen (The LHAASO Collaboration), N. Cheng (The LHAASO Collaboration), Q. Y. Cheng (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. D. Cheng (The LHAASO Collaboration), M. Y. Cui (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. W. Cui (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. H. Cui (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. D. Cui (The LHAASO Collaboration), B. Z. Dai (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. L. Dai (The LHAASO Collaboration), Z. G. Dai (The LHAASO Collaboration), Danzengluobu (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. X. Diao (The LHAASO Collaboration), A. J. Dong (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. Q. Dong (The LHAASO Collaboration), K. K. Duan (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. H. Fan (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Z. Fan (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. Fang (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. H. Fang (The LHAASO Collaboration), K. Fang (The LHAASO Collaboration), C. F. Feng (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. Feng (The LHAASO Collaboration), L. Feng (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. H. Feng (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. T. Feng (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Feng (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. L. Feng (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. Gabici (The LHAASO Collaboration), B. Gao (The LHAASO Collaboration), Q. Gao (The LHAASO Collaboration), W. Gao (The LHAASO Collaboration), W. K. Gao (The LHAASO Collaboration), M. M. Ge (The LHAASO Collaboration), T. T. Ge (The LHAASO Collaboration), L. S. Geng (The LHAASO Collaboration), G. Giacinti (The LHAASO Collaboration), G. H. Gong (The LHAASO Collaboration), Q. B. Gou (The LHAASO Collaboration), M. H. Gu (The LHAASO Collaboration), F. L. Guo (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. Guo (The LHAASO Collaboration), K. J. Guo (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. L. Guo (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Q. Guo (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Y. Guo (The LHAASO Collaboration), R. P. Han (The LHAASO Collaboration), O. A. Hannuksela (The LHAASO Collaboration), M. Hasan (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. H. He (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. N. He (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. Y. He (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. Y. He (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. He (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. Hernández-Cadena (The LHAASO Collaboration), B. W. Hou (The LHAASO Collaboration), C. Hou (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. Hou (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. B. Hu (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. C. Hu (The LHAASO Collaboration), C. Huang (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. H. Huang (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. J. Huang (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. L. Huang (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. T. Huang (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. Y. Huang (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Huang (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Y. Huang (The LHAASO Collaboration), A. Inventar (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. L. Ji (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. Y. Jia (The LHAASO Collaboration), K. Jia (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. B. Jiang (The LHAASO Collaboration), K. Jiang (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. W. Jiang (The LHAASO Collaboration), Z. J. Jiang (The LHAASO Collaboration), M. Jin (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. Kaci (The LHAASO Collaboration), M. M. Kang (The LHAASO Collaboration), I. Karpikov (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. Khangulyan (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. Kuleshov (The LHAASO Collaboration), K. Kurinov (The LHAASO Collaboration), Cheng Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), Cong Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), F. Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. B. Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. C. Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), Jian Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), Jie Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), K. Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), L. Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), R. L. Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. D. Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), T. Y. Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), W. L. Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. R. Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), Zhe Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), Zhuo Li (The LHAASO Collaboration), E. W. Liang (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. F. Liang (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. J. Lin (The LHAASO Collaboration), B. Liu (The LHAASO Collaboration), C. Liu (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. Liu (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. B. Liu (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. Liu (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. Liu (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. L. Liu (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. R. Liu (The LHAASO Collaboration), M. Y. Liu (The LHAASO Collaboration), R. Y. Liu (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. M. Liu (The LHAASO Collaboration), W. Liu (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. Liu (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Liu (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Liu (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. N. Liu (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Q. Lou (The LHAASO Collaboration), Q. Luo (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Luo (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. K. Lv (The LHAASO Collaboration), B. Q. Ma (The LHAASO Collaboration), L. L. Ma (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. H. Ma (The LHAASO Collaboration), I. O. Maliy (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. R. Mao (The LHAASO Collaboration), Z. Min (The LHAASO Collaboration), W. Mitthumsiri (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Mizuno (The LHAASO Collaboration), G. B. Mou (The LHAASO Collaboration), A. Neronov (The LHAASO Collaboration), K. C. Y. Ng (The LHAASO Collaboration), M. Y. Ni (The LHAASO Collaboration), L. Nie (The LHAASO Collaboration), L. J. Ou (The LHAASO Collaboration), Z. W. Ou (The LHAASO Collaboration), P. Pattarakijwanich (The LHAASO Collaboration), Z. Y. Pei (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. Y. Peng (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. C. Qi (The LHAASO Collaboration), M. Y. Qi (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. J. Qin (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. Qu (The LHAASO Collaboration), A. Raza (The LHAASO Collaboration), C. Y. Ren (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. Ruffolo (The LHAASO Collaboration), A. Sáiz (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. Savchenko (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. Semikoz (The LHAASO Collaboration), L. Shao (The LHAASO Collaboration), O. Shchegolev (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Z. Shen (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. D. Sheng (The LHAASO Collaboration), Z. D. Shi (The LHAASO Collaboration), F. W. Shu (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. C. Song (The LHAASO Collaboration), Yu. V. Stenkin (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Su (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. X. Sun (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. Sun (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. X. Sun (The LHAASO Collaboration), Q. N. Sun (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. N. Sun (The LHAASO Collaboration), Z. B. Sun (The LHAASO Collaboration), N. H. Tabasam (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. Takata (The LHAASO Collaboration), P. H. T. Tam (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. B. Tan (The LHAASO Collaboration), Q. W. Tang (The LHAASO Collaboration), R. Tang (The LHAASO Collaboration), Z. B. Tang (The LHAASO Collaboration), W. W. Tian (The LHAASO Collaboration), C. N. Tong (The LHAASO Collaboration), L. H. Wan (The LHAASO Collaboration), C. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. H. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), G. W. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. G. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. C. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), K. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), Kai Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), Kai Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), L. P. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), L. Y. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), L. Y. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), R. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), W. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. G. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. J. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. Y. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. D. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), Z. H. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), Z. X. Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), Zheng Wang (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. M. Wei (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. J. Wei (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. J. Wei (The LHAASO Collaboration), T. Wen (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. S. Weng (The LHAASO Collaboration), C. Y. Wu (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. R. Wu (The LHAASO Collaboration), Q. W. Wu (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. Wu (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. F. Wu (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. S. Wu (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. Q. Xi (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. Xia (The LHAASO Collaboration), J. J. Xia (The LHAASO Collaboration), G. M. Xiang (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. X. Xiao (The LHAASO Collaboration), G. Xiao (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. F. Xiao (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. L. Xin (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. D. Xing (The LHAASO Collaboration), Y. Xing (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. R. Xiong (The LHAASO Collaboration), B. N. Xu (The LHAASO Collaboration), C. Y. Xu (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. L. Xu (The LHAASO Collaboration), R. F. Xu (The LHAASO Collaboration), R. X. Xu (The LHAASO Collaboration), S. S. Xu (The LHAASO Collaboration), W. L. Xu (The LHAASO Collaboration), L. Xue (The LHAASO Collaboration), D. H. Yan (The LHAASO Collaboration), T. Yan (The LHAASO Collaboration), C. W. Yang (The LHAASO Collaboration), C. Y. Yang (The LHAASO Collaboration), F. F. Yang (The LHAASO Collaboration), L. L. Yang (The LHAASO Collaboration), M. J. Yang (The LHAASO Collaboration), R. Z. Yang (The LHAASO Collaboration), W. X. Yang (The LHAASO Collaboration), Z. H. Yang (The LHAASO Collaboration), Z. G. Yao (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. A. Ye (The LHAASO Collaboration), L. Q. Yin (The LHAASO Collaboration), N. Yin (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. H. You (The LHAASO Collaboration), Z. Y. You (The LHAASO Collaboration), Q. Yuan (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. Yue (The LHAASO Collaboration), H. D. Zeng (The LHAASO Collaboration), T. X. Zeng (The LHAASO Collaboration), W. Zeng (The LHAASO Collaboration), X. T. Zeng (The LHAASO Collaboration), M. Zha (The LHAASO Collaboration), B. B. Zhang (The LHAASO Collaboration), B. T. Zhang (The LHAASO Collaboration), C. 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Il Mistero dei "Motori Cosmici": La scoperta dei PeVatron

Immaginate che la nostra Galassia sia una metropoli gigantesca e caotica. In questa città, ci sono dei "veicoli" invisibili e velocissimi che sfrecciano ovunque: sono i Raggi Cosmici. Sono particelle cariche che viaggiano a velocità pazzesche, quasi alla velocità della luce. Per decenni, gli scienziati si sono chiesti: "Chi è il meccanismo che dà così tanta spinta a questi veicoli? Qual è il motore che riesce a farli correre così forte?"

Per molto tempo abbiamo sospettato che i colpevoli fossero le Supernovae (le esplosioni di stelle morenti), che agiscono come enormi stazioni di servizio o acceleratori naturali. Ma non avevamo mai la "pistola fumante".

La scoperta: Il "Lampione" che illumina le nuvole

Questo studio, basato sulle osservazioni dell'osservatorio LHAASO, ha finalmente trovato una prova schiacciante. Gli scienziati hanno osservato due resti di supernova (chiamati G150.3+4.5 e $\gamma$ -Cygni) e hanno notato qualcosa di straordinario.

Per capire cosa è successo, usiamo una metafora:

Immaginate una supernova come un enorme cannone che spara proiettili (le particelle ad altissima energia). Questi proiettili sono così potenti che non si fermano subito; continuano a viaggiare nel buio dello spazio.

Poco lontano dal cannone, ci sono delle nuvole di gas molecolare (immaginatele come dei grandi, densi "muri di nebbia" o dei grossi cuscinetti di spugna). Quando i proiettili invisibili del cannone colpiscono queste nuvole di nebbia, avviene un urto violentissimo. Questo urto produce un bagliore di luce speciale: i raggi gamma ad altissima energia.

È come se, in una stanza buia, qualcuno sparasse dei proiettili invisibili contro un muro di polvere: non vedresti il proiettile, ma vedresti la polvere illuminarsi violentemente nel punto dell'impatto.

Perché è importante? (I PeVatron)

Questi "proiettili" sono così energetici che raggiungono i livelli PeV (Peta-elettronvolt). In termini semplici, sono milioni di volte più potenti di quelli che riusciamo a produrre nei più grandi acceleratori di particelle sulla Terra (come il CERN).

Gli scienziati chiamano questi oggetti PeVatron: "fabbriche di energia estrema".

Grazie a questa scoperta, abbiamo la prova che le Supernovae non sono solo bellissime esplosioni, ma sono i veri "motori" della Galassia, capaci di accelerare la materia a livelli che prima potevamo solo immaginare.

In sintesi:

Il Problema: Non sapevamo se le Supernovae fossero abbastanza potenti da creare i raggi cosmici più veloci della Galassia.
L'Esperimento: L'osservatorio LHAASO ha guardato due zone specifiche dello spazio con una precisione senza precedenti.
La Prova: Abbiamo visto che l'energia altissima non viene dalla supernova stessa, ma dal punto in cui le particelle accelerate "scontrano" le nuvole di gas vicine.
La Conclusione: Le Supernovae sono ufficialmente confermate come i grandi acceleratori (PeVatron) che alimentano la nostra Galassia.

Titolo: Impronte di raggi $\gamma$ a ultra-alta energia da particelle PeV accelerate da resti di supernova

1. Il Problema (Contesto Scientifico)

Una delle questioni fondamentali dell'astrofisica è l'origine dei raggi cosmici (CR). Sebbene sia ampiamente accettato che i resti di supernova (SNR) siano i principali responsabili dei raggi cosmici galattici sotto la soglia del "knee" spettrale (circa $3 \times 10^{15}$ eV o 3 PeV), non esiste ancora una prova diretta che gli SNR agiscano come PeVatrons (acceleratori capaci di raggiungere energie nell'ordine dei PeV). La sfida consiste nel distinguere tra emissioni di origine leptonica (elettroni) e hadronica (protoni), poiché solo quest'ultima confermerebbe il ruolo degli SNR nell'accelerazione dei nuclei galattici.

2. Metodologia

Il lavoro si basa sulle osservazioni dell'osservatorio LHAASO (Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory), che possiede una sensibilità senza precedenti per i raggi $\gamma$ a ultra-alta energia.

Target: Due SNR di tipo "shell" in fase intermedia di evoluzione: G150.3+4.5 e $\gamma$ -Cygni.
Analisi dei Dati: È stato utilizzato un metodo di fitting di verosimiglianza (likelihood) tridimensionale per analizzare simultaneamente la morfologia spaziale e lo spettro energetico.
Modellazione Spettrale: Gli spettri sono stati modellati come leggi di potenza con cutoff esponenziale (PLEcut).
Modello Ibrido: Gli autori hanno applicato un modello che combina:
- Processi Leptonici: Scattering Compton inverso (ICS) di elettroni accelerati.
- Processi Hadronici: Decadimento di pioni neutri ( $\pi^0$ ) derivante dalla collisione di protoni accelerati con nubi molecolari (MC) circostanti.
Confronto Multi-lunghezza d'onda: I dati LHAASO sono stati integrati con osservazioni radio, X, gamma (Fermi-LAT, MAGIC, VERITAS) e mappe di gas molecolare (CO) per verificare la correlazione spaziale tra emissione e densità di materia.

3. Risultati Chiave

L'analisi ha rivelato che entrambi i target presentano una struttura morfologica e spettrale complessa, suddivisa in componenti distinte:

Componenti a bassa energia (Source A): In entrambi i casi, l'emissione a energie inferiori (1–25 TeV) è estesa e coincide con la struttura radio dello shell della SNR. Questa componente è spiegata con successo dal modello leptonico (ICS di elettroni).
Componenti ad alta energia (Source B e C):
- Si osserva una transizione morfologica: all'aumentare dell'energia, l'emissione diventa più compatta e si sposta verso regioni specifiche.
- Per G150.3+4.5, la componente ad alta energia (Source B) mostra una forte correlazione spaziale con una nube molecolare densa ( $\sim 5 \times 10^3 M_\odot$ ).
- Per $\gamma$ -Cygni, la componente ad alta energia (Source B) è correlata con nubi molecolari massicce ( $\sim 10^4 M_\odot$ ).
Evidenza di PeVatrons: Gli spettri delle componenti ad alta energia mostrano fotoni con energie superiori a 100 TeV. Per spiegare questi dati, il modello richiede che l'energia massima dei protoni accelerati raggiunga $\gtrsim 1$ PeV.

4. Contributi e Significatività

Il paper fornisce una delle prove più dirette e convincenti della natura hadronica dell'accelerazione nelle SNR:

Conferma dei PeVatrons: Dimostra che gli shock delle SNR possono effettivamente accelerare protoni fino a energie PeV, illuminando le nubi molecolari vicine tramite collisioni inelastiche.
Meccanismo di fuga: I risultati supportano il modello classico secondo cui le particelle più energetiche accelerate nelle fasi iniziali della SNR "sfuggono" dal sito di accelerazione e colpiscono le nubi molecolari circostanti, producendo l'impronta di raggi $\gamma$ osservata.
Limiti alla dominanza degli SNR: Sebbene confermi che le SNR sono PeVatrons, l'analisi del cutoff spettrale suggerisce che potrebbero non essere i contributori dominanti per i raggi cosmici ben oltre il "knee", suggerendo che altre sorgenti (come il centro galattico o cluster di stelle massicce) giochino un ruolo cruciale alle energie più estreme.

In sintesi, lo studio trasforma la ricerca teorica sulla natura degli acceleratori galattici in una osservazione empirica, identificando le nubi molecolari come "bersagli" naturali per rilevare i protoni PeV prodotti dalle supernova.