🔭 astrophysics

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). AgileLens: A scalable CNN-based pipeline for strong gravitational lens identification

本論文は、Euclid 衛星の第 1 回データリリース（Q1）画像に対して、点源除去やノイズフィルタリング、色合成などの前処理を経て、改良型 VGG16 による CNN を用いた反復的トレーニングパイプライン「AgileLens」を構築し、既知の重力レンズ候補を 81.8% 回収するとともに、新たに 130 個の有力候補を特定したことを報告しています。

原著者： Euclid Collaboration, X. Xu (Department of Physics \& Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA, University of Southern California, 3551 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA 90089Euclid Collaboration, X. Xu (Department of Physics \& Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA, University of Southern California, 3551 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA), R. Chen (Department of Physics \& Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA), T. Li (Department of Physics \& Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA), A. R. Cooray (Department of Physics \& Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA), S. Schuldt (Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy, INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy), J. A. Acevedo Barroso (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA), D. Stern (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA), D. Scott (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada), M. Meneghetti (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), G. Despali (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), J. Chopra (Department of Physics \& Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA), Y. Cao (Department of Physics \& Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA), M. Cheng (Department of Physics \& Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA), J. Buda (Department of Physics \& Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA), J. Zhang (Department of Physics \& Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA), J. Furumizo (Department of Physics \& Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA), R. Valencia (Department of Physics \& Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA), Z. Jiang (University of Southern California, 3551 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA), C. Tortora (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy), N. E. P. Lines (Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK), T. E. Collett (Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK), S. Fotopoulou (School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK), A. Galan (Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), A. Manjón-García (Departamento Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain), R. Gavazzi (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France), L. Iwamoto (Center for Astrophysics | Harvard \& Smithsonian, 60 Garden St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA), S. Kruk (ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain), M. Millon (Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland), P. Nugent (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA), C. Saulder (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 München, Germany), D. Sluse (STAR Institute, University of Liège, Quartier Agora, Allée du six Août 19c, 4000 Liège, Belgium), J. Wilde (Institut de Ciències del Cosmos), M. Walmsley (David A. Dunlap Department of Astronomy \& Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada, Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK), F. Courbin (Institut de Ciències del Cosmos, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai), R. B. Metcalf (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), B. Altieri (ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain), A. Amara (School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK), S. Andreon (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), N. Auricchio (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), C. Baccigalupi (IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy), M. Baldi (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), A. Balestra (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy), S. Bardelli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), P. Battaglia (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), R. Bender (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 München, Germany), A. Biviano (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), E. Branchini (Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), M. Brescia (Department of Physics "E. Pancini", University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy), S. Camera (Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese), V. Capobianco (INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese), C. Carbone (INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy), V. F. Cardone (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 - c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy), J. Carretero (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra), S. Casas (Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V), M. Castellano (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), G. Castignani (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), S. Cavuoti (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy, INFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy), A. Cimatti (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), C. Colodro-Conde (Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), G. Congedo (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), C. J. Conselice (Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK), L. Conversi (European Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy, ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain), Y. Copin (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France), H. M. Courtois (UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne, France), M. Cropper (Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK), A. Da Silva (Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal, Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal), H. Degaudenzi (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), G. De Lucia (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), C. Dolding (Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK), H. Dole (Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France), F. Dubath (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), X. Dupac (ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain), S. Dusini (INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), S. Escoffier (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), M. Farina (INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy), R. Farinelli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), S. Farrens (Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France), S. Ferriol (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France), F. Finelli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy), P. Fosalba (Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Institute of Space Sciences), M. Frailis (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), E. Franceschi (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), M. Fumana (INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy), S. Galeotta (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), K. George (University Observatory, LMU Faculty of Physics, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 Munich, Germany), W. Gillard (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), B. Gillis (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), C. Giocoli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), P. Gómez-Alvarez (FRACTAL S.L.N.E., calle Tulipán 2, Portal 13 1A, 28231, Las Rozas de Madrid, Spain, ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain), J. Gracia-Carpio (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), A. Grazian (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy), F. Grupp (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 München, Germany), S. V. H. Haugan (Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway), W. Holmes (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA), F. Hormuth (Felix Hormuth Engineering, Goethestr. 17, 69181 Leimen, Germany), A. Hornstrup (Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, Cosmic Dawn Center), K. Jahnke (Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany), M. Jhabvala (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA), B. Joachimi (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK), S. Kermiche (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), A. Kiessling (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA), B. Kubik (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France), M. Kümmel (Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 München, Germany), M. Kunz (Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland), H. Kurki-Suonio (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), A. M. C. Le Brun (Laboratoire d'etude de l'Univers et des phenomenes eXtremes, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France), S. Ligori (INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese), P. B. Lilje (Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway), V. Lindholm (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), I. Lloro (SKAO, Jodrell Bank, Lower Withington, Macclesfield SK11 9FT, UK), G. Mainetti (Centre de Calcul de l'IN2P3/CNRS, 21 avenue Pierre de Coubertin 69627 Villeurbanne Cedex, France), E. Maiorano (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), O. Mansutti (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), S. Marcin (University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland, School of Computer Science, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland), O. Marggraf (Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany), M. Martinelli (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 - c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy), N. Martinet (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France), F. Marulli (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), R. J. Massey (Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK), E. Medinaceli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), S. Mei (Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France, CNRS-UCB International Research Laboratory, Centre Pierre Binétruy, IRL2007, CPB-IN2P3, Berkeley, USA), M. Melchior (University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland, School of Engineering, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland), E. Merlin (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), G. Meylan (Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), A. Mora (Telespazio UK S.L. for European Space Agency), M. Moresco (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), L. Moscardini (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), R. Nakajima (Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany), C. Neissner (Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra), R. C. Nichol (School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK), S. -M. Niemi (European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands), J. W. Nightingale (School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Herschel Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK), C. Padilla (Institut de Física d'Altes Energies), S. Paltani (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), F. Pasian (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), K. Pedersen (DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 155, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark), W. J. Percival (Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada), V. Pettorino (European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands), G. Polenta (Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy), M. Poncet (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales -- Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France), L. A. Popa (Institute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409 Măgurele, Ilfov, 077125, Romania), F. Raison (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), A. Renzi (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), J. Rhodes (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA), G. Riccio (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy), E. Romelli (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), M. Roncarelli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), R. Saglia (Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 München, Germany, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), Z. Sakr (Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université St Joseph, Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon), D. Sapone (Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile), M. Schirmer (Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany), P. Schneider (Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany), T. Schrabback (Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Technikerstr. 25/8, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria), A. Secroun (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), G. Seidel (Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany), E. Sihvola (Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), P. Simon (Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany), C. Sirignano (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), G. Sirri (INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), L. Stanco (INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), P. Tallada-Crespí (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra), A. N. Taylor (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), I. Tereno (Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal, Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal), N. Tessore (Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK), S. Toft (Cosmic Dawn Center, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark), R. Toledo-Moreo (Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadoras, Plaza del Hospital 1, 30202 Cartagena, Spain), F. Torradeflot (Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), I. Tutusaus (Institute of Space Sciences, Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie), L. Valenziano (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy), J. Valiviita (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), T. Vassallo (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, University Observatory, LMU Faculty of Physics, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 Munich, Germany), G. Verdoes Kleijn (Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands), A. Veropalumbo (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy), Y. Wang (Caltech/IPAC, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA), J. Weller (Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 München, Germany, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), A. Zacchei (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), G. Zamorani (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), F. M. Zerbi (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), E. Zucca (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), M. Ballardini (Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), M. Bolzonella (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), C. Burigana (INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy), R. Cabanac (Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie), M. Calabrese (Astronomical Observatory of the Autonomous Region of the Aosta Valley, INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy), A. Cappi (Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), T. Castro (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, ICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy), J. A. Escartin Vigo (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), L. Gabarra (Department of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK), S. Hemmati (Caltech/IPAC, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA), J. Macias-Perez (Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 53, Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France), R. Maoli (Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), J. Martín-Fleitas (Aurora Technology for European Space Agency), N. Mauri (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), P. Monaco (Dipartimento di Fisica - Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), A. A. Nucita (Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, CP-I93, 73100, Lecce, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Via per Arnesano, CP-193, 73100, Lecce, Italy, INAF-Sezione di Lecce, c/o Dipartimento Matematica e Fisica, Via per Arnesano, 73100, Lecce, Italy), A. Pezzotta (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), M. Pöntinen (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), I. Risso (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy), V. Scottez (Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014, Paris, France, ICL, Junia, Université Catholique de Lille, LITL, 59000 Lille, France), M. Sereno (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), M. Tenti (INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), M. Tucci (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), M. Viel (IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, ICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy), M. Wiesmann (Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway), Y. Akrami (Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, CERCA/ISO, Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA), I. T. Andika (University Observatory, LMU Faculty of Physics, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 Munich, Germany), G. Angora (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy), S. Anselmi (INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, Laboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France), M. Archidiacono (Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy), F. Atrio-Barandela (Departamento de Física Fundamental. Universidad de Salamanca. Plaza de la Merced s/n. 37008 Salamanca, Spain), L. Bazzanini (Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), P. Bergamini (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), D. Bertacca (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy, INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), M. Bethermin (Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg, France), F. Beutler (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), L. Blot (Center for Data-Driven Discovery, Kavli IPMU, Laboratoire d'etude de l'Univers et des phenomenes eXtremes, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France), S. Borgani (Dipartimento di Fisica - Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, ICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy), M. L. Brown (Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK), S. Bruton (California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA), A. Calabro (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), B. Camacho Quevedo (IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), F. Caro (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), C. S. Carvalho (Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal), F. Cogato (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), S. Conseil (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France), O. Cucciati (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), S. Davini (INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy), G. Desprez (Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands), A. Díaz-Sánchez (Departamento Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain), S. Di Domizio (Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy), J. M. Diego (Instituto de Física de Cantabria, Edificio Juan Jordá, Avenida de los Castros, 39005 Santander, Spain), P. -A. Duc (Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg, France), V. Duret (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), M. Y. Elkhashab (Dipartimento di Fisica - Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), A. Enia (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), Y. Fang (Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 München, Germany), A. Finoguenov (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), A. Franco (INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Via per Arnesano, CP-193, 73100, Lecce, Italy, Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, CP-I93, 73100, Lecce, Italy, INAF-Sezione di Lecce, c/o Dipartimento Matematica e Fisica, Via per Arnesano, 73100, Lecce, Italy), K. Ganga (Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France), T. Gasparetto (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), E. Gaztanaga (Institute of Space Sciences, Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK), F. Giacomini (INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), F. Gianotti (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), G. Gozaliasl (Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, PO Box 15400, Espoo, FI-00 076, Finland, Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), M. Guidi (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), C. M. Gutierrez (Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, Universidad de La Laguna, Dpto. Astrofí sica, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), A. Hall (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), C. Hernández-Monteagudo (Universidad de La Laguna, Dpto. Astrofí sica, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), H. Hildebrandt (Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute), J. Hjorth (DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 155, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark), J. J. E. Kajava (Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vesilinnantie 5, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland, Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, Serco for European Space Agency), Y. Kang (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), V. Kansal (ARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics, Melbourne, Australia, Centre for Astrophysics \& Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia), D. Karagiannis (Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa), K. Kiiveri (Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), J. Kim (Department of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK), C. C. Kirkpatrick (Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), F. Lepori (Departement of Theoretical Physics, University of Geneva, Switzerland), G. Leroy (Department of Physics, Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK, Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK), G. F. Lesci (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), J. Lesgourgues (Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology), T. I. Liaudat (IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France), S. J. Liu (INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy), M. Magliocchetti (INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy), E. A. Magnier (Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA), F. Mannucci (INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125, Firenze, Italy), C. J. A. P. Martins (Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal, Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, PT4150-762 Porto, Portugal), L. Maurin (Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France), M. Miluzio (ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain, HE Space for European Space Agency), C. Moretti (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy), G. Morgante (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), K. Naidoo (Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK, Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany), A. Navarro-Alsina (Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany), S. Nesseris (Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain), D. Paoletti (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy), F. Passalacqua (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), K. Paterson (Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany), L. Patrizii (INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), A. Pisani (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), D. Potter (Department of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland), G. W. Pratt (Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France), S. Quai (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), M. Radovich (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy), K. Rojas (University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland, School of Computer Science, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland), W. Roster (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), S. Sacquegna (INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico d'Abruzzo, Via Maggini, 64100, Teramo, Italy), M. Sahlén (Theoretical astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 37 Uppsala, Sweden), D. B. Sanders (Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA), E. Sarpa (SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy, ICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), C. Scarlata (Minnesota Institute for Astrophysics, University of Minnesota, 116 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA), A. Schneider (Department of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland), M. Schultheis (Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France), D. Sciotti (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 - c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy), E. Sellentin (Mathematical Institute, University of Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands, Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands), L. C. Smith (Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK), K. Tanidis (Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia), C. Tao (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), F. Tarsitano (Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Dept. of Physics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland, Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), G. Testera (INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy), R. Teyssier (Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA), S. Tosi (Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy), A. Troja (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), A. Venhola (Space physics and astronomy research unit, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland), D. Vergani (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), G. Vernardos (Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College of the CUNY, Bronx, NY 10468, USA, American Museum of Natural History, Department of Astrophysics, New York, NY 10024, USA), G. Verza (International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, 10010, New York, NY, USA), S. Vinciguerra (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France), N. A. Walton (Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK), A. H. Wright (Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute), H. W. Yeung (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK)

公開日 2026-04-09

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原著者： Euclid Collaboration, X. Xu (Department of Physics \& Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA, University of Southern California, 3551 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA), R. Chen (Department of Physics \& Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA), T. Li (Department of Physics \& Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA), A. R. Cooray (Department of Physics \& Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA), S. Schuldt (Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy, INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy), J. A. Acevedo Barroso (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA), D. Stern (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA), D. Scott (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada), M. Meneghetti (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), G. Despali (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), J. Chopra (Department of Physics \& Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA), Y. Cao (Department of Physics \& Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA), M. Cheng (Department of Physics \& Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA), J. Buda (Department of Physics \& Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA), J. Zhang (Department of Physics \& Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA), J. Furumizo (Department of Physics \& Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA), R. Valencia (Department of Physics \& Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA), Z. Jiang (University of Southern California, 3551 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA), C. Tortora (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy), N. E. P. Lines (Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK), T. E. Collett (Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK), S. Fotopoulou (School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK), A. Galan (Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), A. Manjón-García (Departamento Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain), R. Gavazzi (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France), L. Iwamoto (Center for Astrophysics | Harvard \& Smithsonian, 60 Garden St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA), S. Kruk (ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain), M. Millon (Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland), P. Nugent (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA), C. Saulder (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 München, Germany), D. Sluse (STAR Institute, University of Liège, Quartier Agora, Allée du six Août 19c, 4000 Liège, Belgium), J. Wilde (Institut de Ciències del Cosmos), M. Walmsley (David A. Dunlap Department of Astronomy \& Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada, Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK), F. Courbin (Institut de Ciències del Cosmos, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai), R. B. Metcalf (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), B. Altieri (ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain), A. Amara (School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK), S. Andreon (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), N. Auricchio (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), C. Baccigalupi (IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy), M. Baldi (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), A. Balestra (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy), S. Bardelli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), P. Battaglia (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), R. Bender (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 München, Germany), A. Biviano (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), E. Branchini (Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), M. Brescia (Department of Physics "E. Pancini", University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy), S. Camera (Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese), V. Capobianco (INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese), C. Carbone (INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy), V. F. Cardone (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 - c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy), J. Carretero (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra), S. Casas (Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V), M. Castellano (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), G. Castignani (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), S. Cavuoti (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy, INFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy), A. Cimatti (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), C. Colodro-Conde (Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), G. Congedo (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), C. J. Conselice (Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK), L. Conversi (European Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy, ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain), Y. Copin (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France), H. M. Courtois (UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne, France), M. Cropper (Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK), A. Da Silva (Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal, Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal), H. Degaudenzi (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), G. De Lucia (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), C. Dolding (Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK), H. Dole (Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France), F. Dubath (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), X. Dupac (ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain), S. Dusini (INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), S. Escoffier (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), M. Farina (INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy), R. Farinelli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), S. Farrens (Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France), S. Ferriol (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France), F. Finelli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy), P. Fosalba (Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Institute of Space Sciences), M. Frailis (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), E. Franceschi (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), M. Fumana (INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy), S. Galeotta (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), K. George (University Observatory, LMU Faculty of Physics, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 Munich, Germany), W. Gillard (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), B. Gillis (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), C. Giocoli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), P. Gómez-Alvarez (FRACTAL S.L.N.E., calle Tulipán 2, Portal 13 1A, 28231, Las Rozas de Madrid, Spain, ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain), J. Gracia-Carpio (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), A. Grazian (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy), F. Grupp (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 München, Germany), S. V. H. Haugan (Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway), W. Holmes (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA), F. Hormuth (Felix Hormuth Engineering, Goethestr. 17, 69181 Leimen, Germany), A. Hornstrup (Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, Cosmic Dawn Center), K. Jahnke (Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany), M. Jhabvala (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA), B. Joachimi (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK), S. Kermiche (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), A. Kiessling (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA), B. Kubik (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France), M. Kümmel (Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 München, Germany), M. Kunz (Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland), H. Kurki-Suonio (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), A. M. C. Le Brun (Laboratoire d'etude de l'Univers et des phenomenes eXtremes, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France), S. Ligori (INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese), P. B. Lilje (Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway), V. Lindholm (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), I. Lloro (SKAO, Jodrell Bank, Lower Withington, Macclesfield SK11 9FT, UK), G. Mainetti (Centre de Calcul de l'IN2P3/CNRS, 21 avenue Pierre de Coubertin 69627 Villeurbanne Cedex, France), E. Maiorano (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), O. Mansutti (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), S. Marcin (University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland, School of Computer Science, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland), O. Marggraf (Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany), M. Martinelli (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 - c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy), N. Martinet (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France), F. Marulli (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), R. J. Massey (Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK), E. Medinaceli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), S. Mei (Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France, CNRS-UCB International Research Laboratory, Centre Pierre Binétruy, IRL2007, CPB-IN2P3, Berkeley, USA), M. Melchior (University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland, School of Engineering, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland), E. Merlin (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), G. Meylan (Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), A. Mora (Telespazio UK S.L. for European Space Agency), M. Moresco (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), L. Moscardini (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), R. Nakajima (Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany), C. Neissner (Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra), R. C. Nichol (School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK), S. -M. Niemi (European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands), J. W. Nightingale (School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Herschel Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK), C. Padilla (Institut de Física d'Altes Energies), S. Paltani (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), F. Pasian (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), K. Pedersen (DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 155, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark), W. J. Percival (Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada), V. Pettorino (European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands), G. Polenta (Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy), M. Poncet (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales -- Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France), L. A. Popa (Institute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409 Măgurele, Ilfov, 077125, Romania), F. Raison (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), A. Renzi (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), J. Rhodes (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA), G. Riccio (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy), E. Romelli (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), M. Roncarelli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), R. Saglia (Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 München, Germany, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), Z. Sakr (Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université St Joseph, Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon), D. Sapone (Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile), M. Schirmer (Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany), P. Schneider (Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany), T. Schrabback (Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Technikerstr. 25/8, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria), A. Secroun (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), G. Seidel (Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany), E. Sihvola (Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), P. Simon (Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany), C. Sirignano (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), G. Sirri (INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), L. Stanco (INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), P. Tallada-Crespí (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra), A. N. Taylor (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), I. Tereno (Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal, Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal), N. Tessore (Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK), S. Toft (Cosmic Dawn Center, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark), R. Toledo-Moreo (Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadoras, Plaza del Hospital 1, 30202 Cartagena, Spain), F. Torradeflot (Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), I. Tutusaus (Institute of Space Sciences, Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie), L. Valenziano (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy), J. Valiviita (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), T. Vassallo (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, University Observatory, LMU Faculty of Physics, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 Munich, Germany), G. Verdoes Kleijn (Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands), A. Veropalumbo (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy), Y. Wang (Caltech/IPAC, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA), J. Weller (Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 München, Germany, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), A. Zacchei (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), G. Zamorani (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), F. M. Zerbi (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), E. Zucca (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), M. Ballardini (Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), M. Bolzonella (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), C. Burigana (INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy), R. Cabanac (Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie), M. Calabrese (Astronomical Observatory of the Autonomous Region of the Aosta Valley, INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy), A. Cappi (Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), T. Castro (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, ICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy), J. A. Escartin Vigo (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), L. Gabarra (Department of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK), S. Hemmati (Caltech/IPAC, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA), J. Macias-Perez (Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 53, Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France), R. Maoli (Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), J. Martín-Fleitas (Aurora Technology for European Space Agency), N. Mauri (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), P. Monaco (Dipartimento di Fisica - Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), A. A. Nucita (Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, CP-I93, 73100, Lecce, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Via per Arnesano, CP-193, 73100, Lecce, Italy, INAF-Sezione di Lecce, c/o Dipartimento Matematica e Fisica, Via per Arnesano, 73100, Lecce, Italy), A. Pezzotta (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), M. Pöntinen (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), I. Risso (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy), V. Scottez (Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014, Paris, France, ICL, Junia, Université Catholique de Lille, LITL, 59000 Lille, France), M. Sereno (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), M. Tenti (INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), M. Tucci (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), M. Viel (IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, ICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy), M. Wiesmann (Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway), Y. Akrami (Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, CERCA/ISO, Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA), I. T. Andika (University Observatory, LMU Faculty of Physics, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 Munich, Germany), G. Angora (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy), S. Anselmi (INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, Laboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France), M. Archidiacono (Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy), F. Atrio-Barandela (Departamento de Física Fundamental. Universidad de Salamanca. Plaza de la Merced s/n. 37008 Salamanca, Spain), L. Bazzanini (Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), P. Bergamini (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), D. Bertacca (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy, INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), M. Bethermin (Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg, France), F. Beutler (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), L. Blot (Center for Data-Driven Discovery, Kavli IPMU, Laboratoire d'etude de l'Univers et des phenomenes eXtremes, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France), S. Borgani (Dipartimento di Fisica - Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, ICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy), M. L. Brown (Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK), S. Bruton (California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA), A. Calabro (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), B. Camacho Quevedo (IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), F. Caro (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), C. S. Carvalho (Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal), F. Cogato (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), S. Conseil (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France), O. Cucciati (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), S. Davini (INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy), G. Desprez (Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands), A. Díaz-Sánchez (Departamento Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain), S. Di Domizio (Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy), J. M. Diego (Instituto de Física de Cantabria, Edificio Juan Jordá, Avenida de los Castros, 39005 Santander, Spain), P. -A. Duc (Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg, France), V. Duret (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), M. Y. Elkhashab (Dipartimento di Fisica - Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), A. Enia (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), Y. Fang (Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 München, Germany), A. Finoguenov (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), A. Franco (INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Via per Arnesano, CP-193, 73100, Lecce, Italy, Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, CP-I93, 73100, Lecce, Italy, INAF-Sezione di Lecce, c/o Dipartimento Matematica e Fisica, Via per Arnesano, 73100, Lecce, Italy), K. Ganga (Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France), T. Gasparetto (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), E. Gaztanaga (Institute of Space Sciences, Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK), F. Giacomini (INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), F. Gianotti (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), G. Gozaliasl (Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, PO Box 15400, Espoo, FI-00 076, Finland, Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), M. Guidi (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), C. M. Gutierrez (Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, Universidad de La Laguna, Dpto. Astrofí sica, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), A. Hall (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), C. Hernández-Monteagudo (Universidad de La Laguna, Dpto. Astrofí sica, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), H. Hildebrandt (Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute), J. Hjorth (DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 155, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark), J. J. E. Kajava (Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vesilinnantie 5, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland, Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, Serco for European Space Agency), Y. Kang (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), V. Kansal (ARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics, Melbourne, Australia, Centre for Astrophysics \& Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia), D. Karagiannis (Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa), K. Kiiveri (Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), J. Kim (Department of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK), C. C. Kirkpatrick (Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), F. Lepori (Departement of Theoretical Physics, University of Geneva, Switzerland), G. Leroy (Department of Physics, Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK, Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK), G. F. Lesci (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), J. Lesgourgues (Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology), T. I. Liaudat (IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France), S. J. Liu (INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy), M. Magliocchetti (INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy), E. A. Magnier (Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA), F. Mannucci (INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125, Firenze, Italy), C. J. A. P. Martins (Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal, Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, PT4150-762 Porto, Portugal), L. Maurin (Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France), M. Miluzio (ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain, HE Space for European Space Agency), C. Moretti (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy), G. Morgante (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), K. Naidoo (Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK, Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany), A. Navarro-Alsina (Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany), S. Nesseris (Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain), D. Paoletti (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy), F. Passalacqua (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), K. Paterson (Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany), L. Patrizii (INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), A. Pisani (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), D. Potter (Department of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland), G. W. Pratt (Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France), S. Quai (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), M. Radovich (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy), K. Rojas (University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland, School of Computer Science, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland), W. Roster (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), S. Sacquegna (INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico d'Abruzzo, Via Maggini, 64100, Teramo, Italy), M. Sahlén (Theoretical astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 37 Uppsala, Sweden), D. B. Sanders (Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA), E. Sarpa (SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy, ICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), C. Scarlata (Minnesota Institute for Astrophysics, University of Minnesota, 116 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA), A. Schneider (Department of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland), M. Schultheis (Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France), D. Sciotti (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 - c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy), E. Sellentin (Mathematical Institute, University of Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands, Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands), L. C. Smith (Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK), K. Tanidis (Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia), C. Tao (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), F. Tarsitano (Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Dept. of Physics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland, Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), G. Testera (INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy), R. Teyssier (Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA), S. Tosi (Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy), A. Troja (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), A. Venhola (Space physics and astronomy research unit, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland), D. Vergani (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), G. Vernardos (Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College of the CUNY, Bronx, NY 10468, USA, American Museum of Natural History, Department of Astrophysics, New York, NY 10024, USA), G. Verza (International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, 10010, New York, NY, USA), S. Vinciguerra (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France), N. A. Walton (Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK), A. H. Wright (Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute), H. W. Yeung (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK)

原論文は CC BY 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) でライセンスされています。 ✨ これは以下の論文のAI生成解説です。著者が執筆または承認したものではありません。技術的な正確性については原論文を参照してください。免責事項の全文を読む

宇宙の「透き通った窓」を見つける AI の物語

～ユーリッド探査機と「AgileLens」の冒険～

この論文は、宇宙の壮大な謎を解くための新しい「AI 探偵」について書かれています。タイトルは少し難しそうですが、内容を噛み砕いて、まるで物語のようにご紹介します。

1. 宇宙の「マジック」：重力レンズとは？

まず、背景知識として「重力レンズ」という現象を知っていただければと思います。
アインシュタインの理論によると、巨大な天体（銀河など）は、その重力で空間を曲げます。その結果、背後にある遠くの星や銀河からの光が、まるで**「虫眼鏡」や「歪んだ鏡」**を通ったように見えます。
時には、光が輪っか（アインシュタインリング）になったり、複数の像に分裂したりします。これを「重力レンズ」と呼びます。

なぜこれが重要？

見えないものを見る: 光を曲げる力から、見えない「ダークマター（暗黒物質）」の正体に迫れます。
宇宙の距離を測る: 光の届く時間差から、宇宙の年齢や膨張速度（ハッブル定数）を計算できます。
遠くの宇宙を見る: 重力レンズは天然の「望遠鏡」として働き、普段は見えない超遠くの銀河を拡大して見せてくれます。

2. 問題：針を干し草の山から探す難しさ

欧州宇宙機関（ESA）の「ユーリッド（Euclid）」という探査機は、宇宙の 3 分の 1 以上を撮影し、約 60 億個の銀河のデータを収集します。
その中で、重力レンズになっている銀河は、1 万個に 1 個しか存在しません。
つまり、**「干し草の山から、たった 1 本の針を見つける」ような作業です。
人間が目で見て探すのは、一生かかっても不可能なほど膨大な量です。そこで、この論文では「AI（人工知能）」**にその役目を任せることにしました。

3. 登場人物：「AgileLens」という AI

この論文で紹介されているのは、**「AgileLens（アジャイルレンズ）」という名前の AI システムです。「アジャイル（Agile）」とは「機敏な」「しなやかな」という意味で、この AI の最大の特徴は「学習しながら成長する」**ことです。

従来の方法との違い

昔の方法: 人工的に作ったシミュレーション画像（コンピュータで描いた架空の重力レンズ）を大量に AI に見せて学習させました。しかし、本物の宇宙の画像と少し違うため、AI が「本物」を見分けられなくなることがありました。
AgileLens の方法: **「実戦経験」を重視します。最初は少量の「本物の画像」だけで始め、AI が見つけた候補を人間がチェックし、その結果を AI に教えて、また次回の学習に活かすという「人間と AI のチームワーク」**を繰り返します。

4. 物語の展開：3 段階のトレーニング

この AI は、3 つのステップで成長しました。

ステップ 1：種まき（シード）

最初は、専門家が「これだ！」と確信した27 枚の重力レンズ画像だけを与えました。
これを AI に見せ、さらに画像を回転させたり色を変えたりして（データ拡張）、2000 枚分の学習データに増やしました。
同時に、重力レンズに似ているけど違うもの（渦巻銀河や星の輝きなど）も「偽物」として学習させました。

ステップ 2：試行錯誤（反復学習）

AI がユーリッドのデータ（約 340 万枚）をスキャンし、「これかも？」という候補をランキング形式で出しました。
人間がトップの 4000 枚をチェックします。「これは本物だ（A ランク）」、「これは怪しい（B ランク）」、「違う（X ランク）」と評価します。
この評価を AI に返して、**「次はもっと正確に探して！」**と指示します。
この作業を 3 回繰り返しました。1 回のサイクルはわずか1 週間で完了しました。

ステップ 3：収穫

最終的に、AI は441 個の「重力レンズ候補」を見つけました。
そのうち、130 個はこれまでに誰も発見していなかった「新種」でした！
また、既存のデータベースにある 905 個の既知のレンズのうち、**81.8%**を AI がトップ 2 万位以内で見事に発見しました。

5. 発見されたレンズの特徴

見つかったレンズたちは、以下のような特徴を持っていました。

明るさ: 比較的明るい銀河（17〜24 等級）の周りに見つかりました。
色: 赤みがかった色をしていました。これは、重力レンズを作る銀河が「巨大で年配の銀河」であることが多いことを示しています（若い銀河は青っぽいからです）。

6. この研究のすごいところ（まとめ）

スピードと効率: 人間の専門家が 1 週間かけて AI を訓練し、すぐに結果を出せるようになりました。これは、将来の膨大なデータ処理にも応用可能です。
本物重視: 人工的なシミュレーションに頼らず、本物の宇宙データで学習させたため、AI の性能が本物の宇宙で発揮されました。
新しい発見: 既存の探査では見逃されていた「新しい重力レンズ」を 130 個も発見しました。

7. 未来への展望

この「AgileLens」は、ユーリッド探査機が今後さらに多くのデータを収集する際にも活躍します。まるで**「宇宙の地図を塗り替えるための、賢くて働き者の探偵」**のような存在です。

今後は、この AI が「見落とし」がないか、より詳しく調べるための研究も進められますが、すでにこのシステムは、宇宙の深淵にある「透き通った窓（重力レンズ）」を見つけるための、非常に強力なツールとして確立されました。

一言で言うと：
「宇宙の巨大な鏡（重力レンズ）を見つけるのは、干し草の山から針を探すような大変な作業。でも、この新しい AI は、人間と協力しながら『実戦』で学習し、わずか数週間で数百個の新しい鏡を見つけ出し、宇宙の謎を解き明かすための道を開いた！」

以下は、Euclid クイックデータリリース（Q1）における強い重力レンズの同定に向けた、スケーラブルな CNN ベースのパイプライン「AgileLens」に関する論文の技術的サマリーです。

1. 背景と課題 (Problem)

科学的意義: 強い重力レンズ現象は、暗黒物質の分布、初期質量関数（IMF）、ハッブル定数（ $H_0$ ）の測定、および高赤方偏移銀河の観測支援など、宇宙論および天体物理学において極めて重要な役割を果たします。
課題: ユーリッド（Euclid）ミッションは、約 17 万個の強い重力レンズを検出すると予測されていますが、従来の視覚的検査や手動選別では、膨大なデータ量（数十億個の銀河）を処理することは不可能です。
既存手法の限界: 従来の機械学習アプローチの多くは、シミュレーションデータに依存してモデルを訓練しており、実データのノイズやアーティファクトに対する一般化性能が低い傾向にあります。また、市民科学プロジェクト（例：Space Warps）は時間と人的リソースを大量に消費します。
本論文の目的: ユーリッド Q1 データに対して、シミュレーションに依存せず、実データを用いた反復的な学習パイプラインを開発し、効率的かつ高精度に重力レンズ候補を抽出すること。

2. 手法 (Methodology)

本研究では、人間の専門家のフィードバックを取り入れた「エンドツーエンドの反復的パイプライン」を構築しました。

2.1 データ前処理

ソース選別: VIS（可視光）カタログから点源（星）を除外し、レンズとなる前景銀河の明るさ（ $I_E \le 24$ mag）でカットしました。
アーティファクト除去: 従来のスパイアス確率（SPURIOUS_PROB）フィルタに加え、画素レベルのアーティファクト（大きな欠陥、小さな欠陥）およびノイズを除去する独自のアルゴリズムを適用し、偽陽性を低減しました。
画像生成: 96x96 ピクセルの切り出し画像を作成。VIS 画像のモルフォロジーを保持しつつ、NISP（近赤外）の YE, HE バンドとのカラーコントラストを維持するため、VIS を輝度（Luminance）成分として使用した RGB 合成画像を生成しました。

2.2 学習データセットの構築

種子データ: 事前学習済みの単一チャネル CNN を用いて Q1 データをスクリーニングし、専門家による目視検査で 27 個の確実なレンズ（正例）と、典型的な偽陽性（螺旋銀河、楕円銀河、エッジオン銀河、回折スパイクなど）を抽出しました。
バランスの取れた負例セット: 正例の不足を補うため、27 個の正例を 67 倍に拡張（回転、移動、色変換など）し、約 1,800 個に増やしました。負例セットは、4 種類の偽陽性タイプを均等に 500 個ずつ選定し、合計 2,000 個のバランスの取れたセットを構築しました。
反復的学習: 初期モデルの予測結果から新たな正例と偽陽性を抽出し、学習セットを更新しながらモデルを微調整（Fine-tuning）するプロセスを 3 回繰り返しました。

2.3 モデルアーキテクチャ

ベースモデル: 6 つの軽量 CNN アーキテクチャ（VGG16, Xception, ResNet50 など）を比較検討し、VGG16 が最も優れた性能を示したため採用されました。
改良: 元の VGG16 の全結合層を、GlobalAveragePooling、256 次元と 128 次元の Dense 層、およびシグモイド出力層に置き換えました。
微調整戦略: 最後の 9 層のみを学習可能（trainable）にし、それ以前の層を固定して、実データの特徴に適応させました。

2.4 評価と選別

スコアリング: 最終的な分類出力（0-1 の確率）ではなく、シグモイド関数を外した「生スコア（raw score）」を使用してランキングを行い、確信度の微細な差を捉えました。
人間による評価: 最終モデルでスコア順に並べた上位 4,000 個の候補を、Euclid コラボレーションの専門家 27 名が Zooniverse の「Galaxy Judges」プロジェクトを通じて評価しました（各画像に 10 票）。

3. 主要な貢献と結果 (Key Contributions & Results)

3.1 検出性能

新たな候補の発見: 上位 4,000 個の候補から、441 個の Grade A/B（確実または確率的なレンズ）候補を特定しました。
- そのうち 311 個は既存の Q1 レンズカタログ（SLDE A など）と重複。
- 130 個の新たな候補（Grade A: 9 個、Grade B: 121 個）を初めて発見しました。これには、SLDE A のフィルタリング（Gaia クロスマッチや明るさ制限）によって除外されていた低赤方偏移の明るい銀河も含まれます。
回収率（Recall）: 既知の 905 個の高信頼度レンズ候補（Q1 内の既知のもの＋本論文で発見したもの）のうち、モデルの上位 20,000 予測内に**740 個（81.8%）**が含まれていました。上位 1,000 位以内には 427 個（約 47%）が集中しており、人間の検査負荷を大幅に削減できることを示しました。

3.2 物理的特性

発見されたレンズ候補は、 $I_E \approx 17 \sim 24$ mag（中央値 21.3 mag）の範囲に分布し、母集団と比較して $Y_E - H_E$ 色が赤い傾向を示しました。これは、質量の大きな早期型銀河が前景レンズとして機能しているという期待と一致します。

3.3 効率性

小規模なチーム（2 名程度）で、1 回の学習サイクル（データ選別、モデル再学習、評価）を約 1 週間で完了させることができました。この「人間をループに組み込んだ反復的アプローチ」は、人的リソースが限られる状況でもスケーラブルであることを実証しました。

4. 意義と将来展望 (Significance & Future Work)

実データ駆動アプローチの成功: シミュレーションデータに依存せず、実データから直接学習セットを構築・拡張する手法の有効性を示しました。これにより、実世界のアーティファクトやノイズに対するモデルの頑健性が向上しました。
スケーラビリティ: このパイプラインは、将来的な Euclid の広域データリリース（DR1 など）や、Rubin 天文台、Roman 宇宙望遠鏡のデータにも容易に適用可能です。
今後の課題:
- 選択関数の較正: 検出効率を定量的に評価するため、シミュレーションレンズを実データ背景に注入し、選択関数を測定する計画です。
- 網羅性の向上: 上位 4,000 個の枠を超えた候補の探索や、不確実性を考慮した能動学習（Active Learning）による回収率の向上。
- アーキテクチャの進化: マルチスケールやアテンション機構を取り入れたニューラルネットワークの検討、およびレンズモデルを組み込んだポストホック検証ツールの開発。

結論:
本論文は、Euclid Q1 データに対して、効率的でスケーラブルな CNN ベースの重力レンズ探索パイプライン「AgileLens」を提案し、既存のカタログにはない 130 個以上の新たな候補を特定することに成功しました。この手法は、大規模天体観測データにおける機械学習モデルの迅速な適応と、限られた人的リソースでの高品質な候補選別の実現可能性を示す重要なステップです。