⚛️ general relativity

Euclid preparation. The shape of halo profiles in $\Lambda$ CDM and non-standard cosmologies

Dit artikel maakt gebruik van kosmologische N-body simulaties om te kwantificeren hoe niet-standaard kosmologieën, zoals $f(\mathcal{R})$ -zwaartekracht en massieve neutrino's, de profielen van donkere materie-halo's veranderen ten opzichte van $\Lambda$ CDM, waarbij wordt aangetoond dat het detecteren van deze afwijkingen met toekomstige Euclid zwakke lens-surveys grote halo-stacks en nauwkeurige modellering vereist om systematische biases te vermijden.

Oorspronkelijke auteurs: Euclid Collaboration, L. Pizzuti (Dipartimento di Fisica "G. Occhialini", Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy), G. Y. Ferron (Dipartimento di Fisica "Euclid Collaboration, L. Pizzuti (Dipartimento di Fisica "G. Occhialini", Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy), G. Y. Ferron (Dipartimento di Fisica "G. Occhialini", Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy), A. Ragagnin (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), A. M. C. Le Brun (Laboratoire d'etude de l'Univers et des phenomenes eXtremes, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France), P. -S. Corasaniti (Laboratoire d'etude de l'Univers et des phenomenes eXtremes, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France), T. Gayoux (Laboratoire d'etude de l'Univers et des phenomenes eXtremes, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France, Université Paris-Cité, 5 Rue Thomas Mann, 75013, Paris, France), G. Rácz (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), E. Altamura (Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK), Z. Sakr (Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université St Joseph, Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon), C. Carbone (INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy), M. Baldi (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), C. Giocoli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), T. Castro (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, ICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy), F. Pace (Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal), J. E. Taylor (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada), S. Borgani (Dipartimento di Fisica - Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, ICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy), O. Luongo (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), C. T. Mpetha (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA), R. E. Angulo (Donostia International Physics Center, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain), B. Altieri (ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain), S. Andreon (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), N. Auricchio (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), C. Baccigalupi (IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy), S. Bardelli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), P. Battaglia (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), A. Biviano (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), E. Branchini (Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), M. Brescia (Department of Physics "E. Pancini", University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy), S. Camera (Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese), V. Capobianco (INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese), V. F. Cardone (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 - c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy), J. Carretero (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra), M. Castellano (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), G. Castignani (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), S. Cavuoti (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy, INFN -- Sezione di Napoli, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy), K. C. Chambers (Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA), A. Cimatti (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), C. Colodro-Conde (Instituto de Astrof\'ısica de Canarias, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), G. Congedo (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), L. Conversi (European Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy, ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain), Y. Copin (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France), F. Courbin (Institut de Ciències del Cosmos, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai), H. M. Courtois (UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne, France), M. Cropper (Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK), H. Degaudenzi (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), G. De Lucia (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), H. Dole (Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France), F. Dubath (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), X. Dupac (ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain), S. Dusini (INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), S. Escoffier (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), M. Farina (INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy), F. Faustini (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), S. Ferriol (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France), F. Finelli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy), P. Fosalba (Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Institute of Space Sciences), S. Fotopoulou (School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK), M. Frailis (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), E. Franceschi (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), M. Fumana (INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy), L. Gabarra (Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK), S. Galeotta (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), K. George (University Observatory, LMU Faculty of Physics, Scheinerstr.~1, 81679 Munich, Germany), B. Gillis (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), J. Gracia-Carpio (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), A. Grazian (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy), F. Grupp (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr.~1, 81679 München, Germany), S. V. H. Haugan (Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway), S. Hemmati (Caltech/IPAC, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA), W. Holmes (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA), F. Hormuth (Felix Hormuth Engineering, Goethestr. 17, 69181 Leimen, Germany), A. Hornstrup (Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, Cosmic Dawn Center), K. Jahnke (Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany), M. Jhabvala (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA), B. Joachimi (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK), S. Kermiche (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), A. Kiessling (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA), B. Kubik (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France), K. Kuijken (Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands), M. Kunz (Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland), H. Kurki-Suonio (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf H{ällstr{ömin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), S. Ligori (INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese), P. B. Lilje (Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway), V. Lindholm (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf H{ällstr{ömin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), I. Lloro (SKAO, Jodrell Bank, Lower Withington, Macclesfield SK11 9FT, UK), M. Magliocchetti (INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy), G. Mainetti (Centre de Calcul de l'IN2P3/CNRS, 21 avenue Pierre de Coubertin 69627 Villeurbanne Cedex, France), O. Mansutti (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), O. Marggraf (Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany), M. Martinelli (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 - c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy), N. Martinet (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France), F. Marulli (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), R. J. Massey (Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK), N. Mauri (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), S. Maurogordato (Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France), E. Medinaceli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), S. Mei (Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France, CNRS-UCB International Research Laboratory, Centre Pierre Binétruy, IRL2007, CPB-IN2P3, Berkeley, USA), M. Meneghetti (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), E. Merlin (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy), G. Meylan (Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), P. Monaco (Dipartimento di Fisica - Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), A. Mora (Telespazio UK S.L. for European Space Agency), M. Moresco (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), C. Moretti (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy), L. Moscardini (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), E. Munari (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), C. Neissner (Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra), J. W. Nightingale (School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Herschel Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK), C. Padilla (Institut de Física d'Altes Energies), S. Paltani (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), F. Pasian (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), V. Pettorino (European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands), A. Pezzotta (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), S. Pires (Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France), G. Polenta (Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy), M. Poncet (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales -- Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France), L. A. Popa (Institute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409 Măgurele, Ilfov, 077125, Romania), F. Raison (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), A. Renzi (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), J. Rhodes (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA), G. Riccio (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy), I. Risso (Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), E. Romelli (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), M. Roncarelli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), R. Saglia (Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr.~1, 81679 München, Germany, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), D. Sapone (Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile), B. Sartoris (Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr.~1, 81679 München, Germany, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), P. Schneider (Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany), T. Schrabback (Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Technikerstr. 25/8, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria), A. Secroun (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), E. Sefusatti (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy), E. Sihvola (Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), P. Simon (Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany), C. Sirignano (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), G. Sirri (INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), L. Stanco (INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), J. -L. Starck (Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France), P. Tallada-Crespí (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra), A. N. Taylor (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), I. Tereno (Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal, Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal), N. Tessore (Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK), S. Toft (Cosmic Dawn Center, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark), R. Toledo-Moreo (Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadoras, Plaza del Hospital 1, 30202 Cartagena, Spain, European University of Technology EUt+, European Union), F. Torradeflot (Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), I. Tutusaus (Institute of Space Sciences, Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie), E. A. Valentijn (Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands), J. Valiviita (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf H{ällstr{ömin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), T. Vassallo (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, University Observatory, LMU Faculty of Physics, Scheinerstr.~1, 81679 Munich, Germany), Y. Wang (Caltech/IPAC, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA), J. Weller (Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr.~1, 81679 München, Germany, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), A. Zacchei (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), G. Zamorani (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), F. M. Zerbi (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), E. Zucca (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), M. Ballardini (Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), P. Bergamini (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), A. Boucaud (Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France), E. Bozzo (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), C. Burigana (INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy), R. Cabanac (Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie), M. Calabrese (Astronomical Observatory of the Autonomous Region of the Aosta Valley, INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy), A. Cappi (Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), F. Caro (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), J. A. Escartin Vigo (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), J. García-Bellido (Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain), T. Gasparetto (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), J. Macias-Perez (Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 53, Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France), R. Maoli (Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), R. B. Metcalf (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), M. Pöntinen (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), E. Sarpa (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), V. Scottez (Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014, Paris, France, ICL, Junia, Université Catholique de Lille, LITL, 59000 Lille, France), M. Sereno (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), M. Tenti (INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), M. Tucci (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), M. Viel (IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, ICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy), M. Wiesmann (Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway), J. A. Acevedo Barroso (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA), Y. Akrami (Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, CERCA/ISO, Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA), I. T. Andika (Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr.~1, 81679 München, Germany), S. Anselmi (INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, Laboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France), M. Archidiacono (Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy), G. Aricò (INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), F. Atrio-Barandela (Departamento de F{\'ı}sica Fundamental. Universidad de Salamanca. Plaza de la Merced s/n. 37008 Salamanca, Spain), M. Baes (Universiteit Gent, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Proeftuinstraat 86 N3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium), L. Bazzanini (Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), D. Bertacca (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy, INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), M. Bethermin (Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg, France), F. Beutler (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), A. Blanchard (Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie), L. Blot (Center for Data-Driven Discovery, Kavli IPMU, Laboratoire d'etude de l'Univers et des phenomenes eXtremes, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France), H. Böhringer (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, University Observatory, LMU Faculty of Physics, Scheinerstr.~1, 81679 Munich, Germany, Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, Boltzmannstr. 8, 85748 Garching, Germany), M. L. Brown (Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK), S. Bruton (California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA), A. Calabro (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), B. Camacho Quevedo (IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), C. S. Carvalho (Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal), F. Cogato (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), T. E. Collett (Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK), S. Conseil (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France), A. R. Cooray (Department of Physics \& Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA), P. Corcho-Caballero (Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands), M. Costanzi (Dipartimento di Fisica - Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), B. Csizi (Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Technikerstr. 25/8, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria), O. Cucciati (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), T. de Boer (Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA), F. De Paolis (Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, CP-I93, 73100, Lecce, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Via per Arnesano, CP-193, 73100, Lecce, Italy, INAF-Sezione di Lecce, c/o Dipartimento Matematica e Fisica, Via per Arnesano, 73100, Lecce, Italy), G. Desprez (Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands), A. Díaz-Sánchez (Departamento Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain), S. Di Domizio (Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy), J. M. Diego (Instituto de Física de Cantabria, Edificio Juan Jordá, Avenida de los Castros, 39005 Santander, Spain), V. Duret (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), Y. Fang (Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr.~1, 81679 München, Germany), A. Farina (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy), A. Finoguenov (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), F. Fontanot (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), A. Franco (Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, CP-I93, 73100, Lecce, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Via per Arnesano, CP-193, 73100, Lecce, Italy, INAF-Sezione di Lecce, c/o Dipartimento Matematica e Fisica, Via per Arnesano, 73100, Lecce, Italy), Y. Fu (Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands), K. Ganga (Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France), R. Gavazzi (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France), E. Gaztanaga (Institute of Space Sciences, Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK), Z. Ghaffari (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), F. Giacomini (INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), F. Gianotti (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), E. J. Gonzalez (Institute of Space Sciences, Instituto de Astronomia Teorica y Experimental), G. Gozaliasl (Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, PO Box 15400, Espoo, FI-00 076, Finland, Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), A. Gruppuso (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), M. Guidi (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), C. M. Gutierrez (Instituto de Astrof\'ısica de Canarias, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, Universidad de La Laguna, Dpto. Astrof\'ı sica, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), A. Hall (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), N. A. Hatch (School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK), C. Hernández-Monteagudo (Universidad de La Laguna, Dpto. Astrof\'ı sica, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, Instituto de Astrof\'ısica de Canarias, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), H. Hildebrandt (Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute), J. Hjorth (DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 155, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark), J. J. E. Kajava (Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vesilinnantie 5, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland, Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, Serco for European Space Agency), Y. Kang (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), V. Kansal (ARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics, Melbourne, Australia, Centre for Astrophysics \& Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia), D. Karagiannis (Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa), J. Kim (Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK), C. C. Kirkpatrick (Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), A. Kovács (MTA-CSFK Lendület Large-Scale Structure Research Group, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 15-17, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary, Konkoly Observatory, HUN-REN CSFK, MTA Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós {út 15-17. H-1121, Hungary), I. Kovačić (Universiteit Gent, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Proeftuinstraat 86 N3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium), K. Koyama (Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK), S. Kruk (ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain), M. C. Lam (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), M. Lattanzi (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy), L. Legrand (Brazilian Center for Research in Physics, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France), M. Lembo (Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France), G. Leroy (Department of Physics, Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK, Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK), G. F. Lesci (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), J. Lesgourgues (Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology), L. Linke (Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Technikerstr. 25/8, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria), A. Manjón-García (Departamento Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain), F. Mannucci (INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125, Firenze, Italy), F. R. Marleau (Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Technikerstr. 25/8, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria), C. J. A. P. Martins (Centro de Astrof\'ısica da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal, Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, PT4150-762 Porto, Portugal), M. Migliaccio (Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Roma 2, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, Italy), M. Miluzio (ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain, HE Space for European Space Agency), G. Morgante (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), S. Nadathur (Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK), K. Naidoo (Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK, Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany), A. Navarro-Alsina (Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany), S. Nesseris (Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain), F. Oppizzi (INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), D. Paoletti (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy), F. Passalacqua (INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), K. Paterson (Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany), L. Patrizii (INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), C. Pattison (Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK), R. Paviot (Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales -- Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France), A. Pisani (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), D. Potter (Department of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland), G. W. Pratt (Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France), S. Quai (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), M. Radovich (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy), G. Rodighiero (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy), W. Roster (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), S. Sacquegna (INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico d'Abruzzo, Via Maggini, 64100, Teramo, Italy), M. Sahlén (Theoretical astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 37 Uppsala, Sweden), D. B. Sanders (Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA), A. Schneider (Department of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland), D. Sciotti (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 - c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy), E. Sellentin (Mathematical Institute, University of Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands, Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands), S. Serjeant (School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK), F. Shankar (School of Physics \& Astronomy, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK), L. C. Smith (Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK), J. G. Sorce (Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 9189 CRIStAL, 59000 Lille, France, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France), I. Szapudi (Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA), K. Tanidis (Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia), C. Tao (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), F. Tarsitano (Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan, Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Dept. of Physics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland, Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), G. Testera (INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy), R. Teyssier (Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA), S. Tosi (Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy), A. Troja (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), C. Uhlemann (Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Herschel Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK), C. Valieri (INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), A. Venhola (Space physics and astronomy research unit, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland), D. Vergani (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), G. Verza (International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, 10010, New York, NY, USA), P. Vielzeuf (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), S. Vinciguerra (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France), M. von Wietersheim-Kramsta (Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK, Department of Physics, Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK), L. Wang (SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Landleven 12, 9747 AD, Groningen, The Netherlands, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands), A. H. Wright (Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute), H. W. Yeung (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK)

Gepubliceerd 2026-09-04

📖 6 min leestijd🧠 Diepgaand

CC BY 4.0

Oorspronkelijke auteurs: Euclid Collaboration, L. Pizzuti (Dipartimento di Fisica "G. Occhialini", Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy), G. Y. Ferron (Dipartimento di Fisica "G. Occhialini", Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy), A. Ragagnin (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), A. M. C. Le Brun (Laboratoire d'etude de l'Univers et des phenomenes eXtremes, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France), P. -S. Corasaniti (Laboratoire d'etude de l'Univers et des phenomenes eXtremes, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France), T. Gayoux (Laboratoire d'etude de l'Univers et des phenomenes eXtremes, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France, Université Paris-Cité, 5 Rue Thomas Mann, 75013, Paris, France), G. Rácz (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), E. Altamura (Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK), Z. Sakr (Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université St Joseph, Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon), C. Carbone (INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy), M. Baldi (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), C. Giocoli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), T. Castro (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, ICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy), F. Pace (Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal), J. E. Taylor (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada), S. Borgani (Dipartimento di Fisica - Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, ICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy), O. Luongo (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), C. T. Mpetha (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA), R. E. Angulo (Donostia International Physics Center, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain), B. Altieri (ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain), S. Andreon (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), N. Auricchio (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), C. Baccigalupi (IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy), S. Bardelli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), P. Battaglia (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), A. Biviano (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), E. Branchini (Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), M. Brescia (Department of Physics "E. Pancini", University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy), S. Camera (Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese), V. Capobianco (INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese), V. F. Cardone (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 - c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy), J. Carretero (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra), M. Castellano (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), G. Castignani (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), S. Cavuoti (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy, INFN -- Sezione di Napoli, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy), K. C. Chambers (Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA), A. Cimatti (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), C. Colodro-Conde (Instituto de Astrof\'ısica de Canarias, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), G. Congedo (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), L. Conversi (European Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy, ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain), Y. Copin (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France), F. Courbin (Institut de Ciències del Cosmos, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai), H. M. Courtois (UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne, France), M. Cropper (Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK), H. Degaudenzi (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), G. De Lucia (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), H. Dole (Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France), F. Dubath (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), X. Dupac (ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain), S. Dusini (INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), S. Escoffier (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), M. Farina (INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy), F. Faustini (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), S. Ferriol (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France), F. Finelli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy), P. Fosalba (Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Institute of Space Sciences), S. Fotopoulou (School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK), M. Frailis (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), E. Franceschi (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), M. Fumana (INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy), L. Gabarra (Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK), S. Galeotta (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), K. George (University Observatory, LMU Faculty of Physics, Scheinerstr.~1, 81679 Munich, Germany), B. Gillis (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), J. Gracia-Carpio (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), A. Grazian (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy), F. Grupp (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr.~1, 81679 München, Germany), S. V. H. Haugan (Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway), S. Hemmati (Caltech/IPAC, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA), W. Holmes (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA), F. Hormuth (Felix Hormuth Engineering, Goethestr. 17, 69181 Leimen, Germany), A. Hornstrup (Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, Cosmic Dawn Center), K. Jahnke (Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany), M. Jhabvala (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA), B. Joachimi (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK), S. Kermiche (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), A. Kiessling (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA), B. Kubik (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France), K. Kuijken (Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands), M. Kunz (Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland), H. Kurki-Suonio (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf H{ällstr{ömin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), S. Ligori (INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese), P. B. Lilje (Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway), V. Lindholm (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf H{ällstr{ömin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), I. Lloro (SKAO, Jodrell Bank, Lower Withington, Macclesfield SK11 9FT, UK), M. Magliocchetti (INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy), G. Mainetti (Centre de Calcul de l'IN2P3/CNRS, 21 avenue Pierre de Coubertin 69627 Villeurbanne Cedex, France), O. Mansutti (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), O. Marggraf (Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany), M. Martinelli (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 - c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy), N. Martinet (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France), F. Marulli (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), R. J. Massey (Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK), N. Mauri (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), S. Maurogordato (Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France), E. Medinaceli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), S. Mei (Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France, CNRS-UCB International Research Laboratory, Centre Pierre Binétruy, IRL2007, CPB-IN2P3, Berkeley, USA), M. Meneghetti (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), E. Merlin (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy), G. Meylan (Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), P. Monaco (Dipartimento di Fisica - Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), A. Mora (Telespazio UK S.L. for European Space Agency), M. Moresco (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), C. Moretti (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy), L. Moscardini (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), E. Munari (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), C. Neissner (Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra), J. W. Nightingale (School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Herschel Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK), C. Padilla (Institut de Física d'Altes Energies), S. Paltani (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), F. Pasian (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), V. Pettorino (European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands), A. Pezzotta (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), S. Pires (Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France), G. Polenta (Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy), M. Poncet (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales -- Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France), L. A. Popa (Institute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409 Măgurele, Ilfov, 077125, Romania), F. Raison (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), A. Renzi (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), J. Rhodes (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA), G. Riccio (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy), I. Risso (Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), E. Romelli (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), M. Roncarelli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), R. Saglia (Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr.~1, 81679 München, Germany, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), D. Sapone (Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile), B. Sartoris (Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr.~1, 81679 München, Germany, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), P. Schneider (Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany), T. Schrabback (Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Technikerstr. 25/8, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria), A. Secroun (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), E. Sefusatti (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy), E. Sihvola (Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), P. Simon (Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany), C. Sirignano (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), G. Sirri (INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), L. Stanco (INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), J. -L. Starck (Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France), P. Tallada-Crespí (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra), A. N. Taylor (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), I. Tereno (Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal, Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal), N. Tessore (Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK), S. Toft (Cosmic Dawn Center, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark), R. Toledo-Moreo (Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadoras, Plaza del Hospital 1, 30202 Cartagena, Spain, European University of Technology EUt+, European Union), F. Torradeflot (Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), I. Tutusaus (Institute of Space Sciences, Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie), E. A. Valentijn (Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands), J. Valiviita (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf H{ällstr{ömin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), T. Vassallo (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, University Observatory, LMU Faculty of Physics, Scheinerstr.~1, 81679 Munich, Germany), Y. Wang (Caltech/IPAC, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA), J. Weller (Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr.~1, 81679 München, Germany, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), A. Zacchei (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), G. Zamorani (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), F. M. Zerbi (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), E. Zucca (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), M. Ballardini (Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), P. Bergamini (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), A. Boucaud (Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France), E. Bozzo (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), C. Burigana (INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy), R. Cabanac (Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie), M. Calabrese (Astronomical Observatory of the Autonomous Region of the Aosta Valley, INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy), A. Cappi (Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), F. Caro (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), J. A. Escartin Vigo (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), J. García-Bellido (Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain), T. Gasparetto (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), J. Macias-Perez (Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 53, Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France), R. Maoli (Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), R. B. Metcalf (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), M. Pöntinen (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), E. Sarpa (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), V. Scottez (Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014, Paris, France, ICL, Junia, Université Catholique de Lille, LITL, 59000 Lille, France), M. Sereno (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), M. Tenti (INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), M. Tucci (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), M. Viel (IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, ICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy), M. Wiesmann (Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway), J. A. Acevedo Barroso (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA), Y. Akrami (Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, CERCA/ISO, Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA), I. T. Andika (Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr.~1, 81679 München, Germany), S. Anselmi (INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, Laboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France), M. Archidiacono (Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy), G. Aricò (INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), F. Atrio-Barandela (Departamento de F{\'ı}sica Fundamental. Universidad de Salamanca. Plaza de la Merced s/n. 37008 Salamanca, Spain), M. Baes (Universiteit Gent, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Proeftuinstraat 86 N3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium), L. Bazzanini (Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), D. Bertacca (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy, INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), M. Bethermin (Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg, France), F. Beutler (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), A. Blanchard (Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie), L. Blot (Center for Data-Driven Discovery, Kavli IPMU, Laboratoire d'etude de l'Univers et des phenomenes eXtremes, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France), H. Böhringer (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, University Observatory, LMU Faculty of Physics, Scheinerstr.~1, 81679 Munich, Germany, Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, Boltzmannstr. 8, 85748 Garching, Germany), M. L. Brown (Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK), S. Bruton (California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA), A. Calabro (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), B. Camacho Quevedo (IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), C. S. Carvalho (Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal), F. Cogato (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), T. E. Collett (Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK), S. Conseil (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France), A. R. Cooray (Department of Physics \& Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA), P. Corcho-Caballero (Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands), M. Costanzi (Dipartimento di Fisica - Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), B. Csizi (Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Technikerstr. 25/8, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria), O. Cucciati (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), T. de Boer (Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA), F. De Paolis (Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, CP-I93, 73100, Lecce, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Via per Arnesano, CP-193, 73100, Lecce, Italy, INAF-Sezione di Lecce, c/o Dipartimento Matematica e Fisica, Via per Arnesano, 73100, Lecce, Italy), G. Desprez (Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands), A. Díaz-Sánchez (Departamento Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain), S. Di Domizio (Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy), J. M. Diego (Instituto de Física de Cantabria, Edificio Juan Jordá, Avenida de los Castros, 39005 Santander, Spain), V. Duret (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), Y. Fang (Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr.~1, 81679 München, Germany), A. Farina (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy), A. Finoguenov (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), F. Fontanot (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), A. Franco (Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, CP-I93, 73100, Lecce, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Via per Arnesano, CP-193, 73100, Lecce, Italy, INAF-Sezione di Lecce, c/o Dipartimento Matematica e Fisica, Via per Arnesano, 73100, Lecce, Italy), Y. Fu (Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands), K. Ganga (Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France), R. Gavazzi (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France), E. Gaztanaga (Institute of Space Sciences, Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK), Z. Ghaffari (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), F. Giacomini (INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), F. Gianotti (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), E. J. Gonzalez (Institute of Space Sciences, Instituto de Astronomia Teorica y Experimental), G. Gozaliasl (Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, PO Box 15400, Espoo, FI-00 076, Finland, Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), A. Gruppuso (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), M. Guidi (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), C. M. Gutierrez (Instituto de Astrof\'ısica de Canarias, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, Universidad de La Laguna, Dpto. Astrof\'ı sica, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), A. Hall (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), N. A. Hatch (School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK), C. Hernández-Monteagudo (Universidad de La Laguna, Dpto. Astrof\'ı sica, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, Instituto de Astrof\'ısica de Canarias, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), H. Hildebrandt (Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute), J. Hjorth (DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 155, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark), J. J. E. Kajava (Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vesilinnantie 5, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland, Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, Serco for European Space Agency), Y. Kang (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), V. Kansal (ARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics, Melbourne, Australia, Centre for Astrophysics \& Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia), D. Karagiannis (Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa), J. Kim (Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK), C. C. Kirkpatrick (Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), A. Kovács (MTA-CSFK Lendület Large-Scale Structure Research Group, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 15-17, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary, Konkoly Observatory, HUN-REN CSFK, MTA Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós {út 15-17. H-1121, Hungary), I. Kovačić (Universiteit Gent, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Proeftuinstraat 86 N3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium), K. Koyama (Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK), S. Kruk (ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain), M. C. Lam (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), M. Lattanzi (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy), L. Legrand (Brazilian Center for Research in Physics, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France), M. Lembo (Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France), G. Leroy (Department of Physics, Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK, Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK), G. F. Lesci (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), J. Lesgourgues (Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology), L. Linke (Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Technikerstr. 25/8, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria), A. Manjón-García (Departamento Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain), F. Mannucci (INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125, Firenze, Italy), F. R. Marleau (Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Technikerstr. 25/8, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria), C. J. A. P. Martins (Centro de Astrof\'ısica da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal, Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, PT4150-762 Porto, Portugal), M. Migliaccio (Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Roma 2, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, Italy), M. Miluzio (ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain, HE Space for European Space Agency), G. Morgante (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), S. Nadathur (Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK), K. Naidoo (Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK, Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany), A. Navarro-Alsina (Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany), S. Nesseris (Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain), F. Oppizzi (INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), D. Paoletti (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy), F. Passalacqua (INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), K. Paterson (Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany), L. Patrizii (INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), C. Pattison (Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK), R. Paviot (Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales -- Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France), A. Pisani (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), D. Potter (Department of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland), G. W. Pratt (Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France), S. Quai (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), M. Radovich (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy), G. Rodighiero (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy), W. Roster (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), S. Sacquegna (INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico d'Abruzzo, Via Maggini, 64100, Teramo, Italy), M. Sahlén (Theoretical astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 37 Uppsala, Sweden), D. B. Sanders (Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA), A. Schneider (Department of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland), D. Sciotti (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 - c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy), E. Sellentin (Mathematical Institute, University of Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands, Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands), S. Serjeant (School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK), F. Shankar (School of Physics \& Astronomy, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK), L. C. Smith (Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK), J. G. Sorce (Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 9189 CRIStAL, 59000 Lille, France, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France), I. Szapudi (Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA), K. Tanidis (Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia), C. Tao (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), F. Tarsitano (Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan, Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Dept. of Physics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland, Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), G. Testera (INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy), R. Teyssier (Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA), S. Tosi (Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy), A. Troja (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), C. Uhlemann (Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Herschel Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK), C. Valieri (INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), A. Venhola (Space physics and astronomy research unit, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland), D. Vergani (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), G. Verza (International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, 10010, New York, NY, USA), P. Vielzeuf (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), S. Vinciguerra (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France), M. von Wietersheim-Kramsta (Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK, Department of Physics, Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK), L. Wang (SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Landleven 12, 9747 AD, Groningen, The Netherlands, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands), A. H. Wright (Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute), H. W. Yeung (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK)

Oorspronkelijk artikel gelicentieerd onder CC BY 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). ✨ Dit is een AI-gegenereerde uitleg van het onderstaande artikel. Het is niet geschreven of goedgekeurd door de auteurs. Raadpleeg het oorspronkelijke artikel voor technische nauwkeurigheid. Lees de volledige disclaimer

Het universum is niet leeg. Het is gevuld met een uitgestrekt, onzichtbaar geraamte van donkere materie, een mysterieuze substantie die geen licht uitzendt maar een krachtige zwaartekracht uitoefent. Dit onzichtbare web houdt de sterrenstelsels en clusters van sterrenstelsels bij elkaar die we kunnen zien. Naast deze donkere materie is er donkere energie, een kracht die het universum uit elkaar duwt en de expansie ervan versnelt. Decennialang heeft het standaardmodel van de kosmologie donkere materie behandeld als koud en traag bewegend, en donkere energie als een constante, onveranderlijke druk. Dit model, bekend als Lambda Cold Dark Matter, is opmerkelijk succesvol geweest in het verklaren van wat we zien. Echter, recente observaties hebben gesuggereerd dat het verhaal complexer zou kunnen zijn. Misschien verandert donkere energie in de loop van de tijd, of misschien gedraagt de zwaartekracht zich op de grootste schalen anders dan onze huidige wetten voorspellen. Om de ware aard van het kosmos te begrijpen, moeten wetenschappers zoeken naar subtiele vingerafdrukken die door deze alternatieve mogelijkheden zijn achtergelaten in de manier waarop materie samenklontert.

Een team van onderzoekers, onderdeel van de voorbereiding op de Euclid-missie van de Europese Ruimtevaartorganisatie, heeft een diepe duik genomen in deze vraag door het universum te simuleren op een supercomputer. Ze wilden weten hoe de interne structuur van donkere materie-halo's — de massieve wolken van onzichtbare materie die clusters van sterrenstelsels huisvesten — zou veranderen als de natuurwetten iets anders waren dan het standaardmodel. Ze richtten zich op drie specifieke alternatieven: een versie van de zwaartekracht die sterker wordt in bepaalde omgevingen, een universum gevuld met zwaardere neutrino's (kleine, spookachtige deeltjes), en een donkere energie die in de loop van de tijd evolueert. Met behulp van twee enorme sets computersimulaties reconstrueerden ze de dichtheid, massa en beweging van deeltjes binnen deze virtuele halo's om te zien of de vorm van deze kosmische structuren een niet-standaard universum zou verraden.

De onderzoekers ontdekten dat de vorm van deze halo's inderdaad verandert wanneer de regels van het spel worden gewijzigd, maar de veranderingen zijn subtiel en hangen sterk af van de grootte van de halo en hoe ver men van het centrum kijt. In de simulaties waar de zwaartekracht werd aangepast om een "vijfde kracht" te bevatten, verschenen de meest dramatische verschillen in de buitenste randen van laag-massa halo's. In deze regio's, waar de dichtheid lager is, wordt de extra kracht minder onderdrukt, waardoor materie krachtiger naar binnen valt. Dit resulteert in halo's die in hun buitenste lagen iets meer uitgespreid zijn vergeleken met het standaardmodel. Wanneer de onderzoekers echter massieve neutrino's aan de mix toevoegden, werd het effect gedeeltelijk geneutraliseerd. De neutrino's, die zeer snel bewegen en weerstand bieden tegen klontering, maakten de dichtheidsverschillen gladder, waardoor de aangepaste zwaartekracht-halo's dichter bij de standaardvorm kwamen. Deze competitie tussen de extra aantrekkingskracht van de aangepaste zwaartekracht en het gladmakende effect van snel bewegende neutrino's creëerde een delicaat evenwicht dat de simulaties in detail in kaart konden brengen.

Voor de modellen die betrekking hebben op dynamische donkere energie en massieve neutrino's binnen het standaardzwaartekrachtkader, waren de veranderingen nog bescheidener, wat zich meestal vertaalde in een verschil van enkele procenten in de dichtheidsprofielen. Deze afwijkingen waren het meest merkbaar in halo's met een lage massa en op grote afstanden van het centrum. De studie onderzocht ook hoe compact de materie binnen deze halo's was, een eigenschap die concentratie wordt genoemd. Terwijl het standaardmodel een specifieke relatie voorspelt tussen de massa van een halo en de concentratie, lieten de alternatieve modellen lichte verschuivingen in deze relatie zien. Toch waren deze verschuivingen over het algemeen klein, vaak rond het niveau van vijf tot tien procent, en werden ze vaak gemaskeerd door de natuurlijke variatie tussen individuele halo's.

Een cruciaal onderdeel van het onderzoek was bepalen of de aankomende Euclid-ruimtetelescoop in staat zou zijn om deze verschillen in de echte hemel te detecteren. Het team berekende de statistische ruis die wordt verwacht bij observaties en vergeleek dit met de omvang van de afwijkingen die zij in hun simulaties vonden. Ze ontdekten dat bij hoge roodverschuivingen, wat overeenkomt met het terugkijken in de tijd naar de periode waarin het universum jonger was, het signaal van deze niet-standaard effecten zeer zwak is. Om een halo met aangepaste zwaartekracht te onderscheiden van een standaardhalo bij een roodverschuiving van 1,1, zou de telescoop de data van ongeveer honderdduizend clusters van sterrenstelsels moeten stapelen. Dit is een ontmoedigend aantal, wat suggereert dat bij deze vroege kosmische tijden de verschillen te klein zijn om gemakkelijk te onderscheiden van de achtergrondruis.

De vooruitzichten verbeteren echter aanzienlijk voor nabijgelegen, recentere clusters. Wanneer de onderzoekers naar simulaties van het universum keken bij lagere roodverschuivingen, dichter bij de huidige dag, werden de verschillen tussen de modellen prominenter en bereikten ze in sommige gevallen wel tien procent. Op deze kortere afstanden is de signaal-ruisverhouding veel beter, en het team schatte dat het stapelen van data van slechts enkele duizend clusters voldoende zou kunnen zijn om de vingerafdrukken van nieuwe fysica te onthullen. Dit suggereert dat terwijl het vroege universum een uitdagende grens blijft voor deze specifieke tests, het nabijgelegen universum een veelbelovend venster biedt waar de Euclid-missie potentieel bewijs kan vinden van aangepaste zwaartekracht of evoluerende donkere energie.

De studie concludeert dat hoewel de interne structuur van donkere materie-halo's gevoelig is voor de onderliggende natuurwetten, de effecten vaak subtiel zijn en gemakkelijk te verwarren met andere factoren. Als astronomen ervan uitgaan dat het standaardmodel correct is wanneer dat niet zo is, kunnen ze de vorm van een halo verkeerd interpreteren en de massa ervan verkeerd berekenen. Dit zou een systematische bias kunnen introduceren in de metingen van de expansie van het universum en de aard van donkere energie. Daarom betogen de onderzoekers dat toekomstige analyses van Euclid-data deze precieze modellen van niet-standaard fysica moeten bevatten om fouten te voorkomen. Door precies te begrijpen waar en hoe deze afwijkingen verschijnen, kunnen wetenschappers beter voorbereid zijn om de ware aard van het kosmos te isoleren van de ruis van het universum, zodat de volgende generatie kosmologische ontdekkingen op een solide fundament wordt gebouwd.

Technische Samenvatting: De Vorm van Halo-profielen in $\Lambda$ CDM en Niet-Standaard Kosmologieën

Probleemstelling
Het $\Lambda$ -cold-dark-matter ( $\Lambda$ CDM) model blijft het concordante scenario voor de kosmologie, maar spanningen tussen vroege en late tijd-probes en recente gegevens van het Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) suggereren potentiële afwijkingen, zoals dynamische donkere energie (DE) of gemodificeerde zwaartekracht. De Euclid-missie beoogt de geometrie en de groei van grootschalige structuren (LSS) te onderzoeken via zwakke gravitationele lensing (WL) en sterrenstelselclustering. Een kritieke uitdaging bij het interpreteren van de Euclid-cluster WL-gegevens is het onderscheiden van kosmologische signaturen en systematische biases. Hoewel baryonische fysica bekend staat om het veranderen van halo-profielen, vereist de specifieke impact van niet-standaard kosmologische fysica (gemodificeerde zwaartekracht, massieve neutrino's, dynamische DE) op de radiale structuur van donkere materie (DM) halo's een kwantificering in een gecontroleerde setting. Het negeren van deze effecten bij de WL-massa-kalibratie zou de introductie van kosmologie-afhankelijke systematische biases kunnen veroorzaken.

Methodologie
Deze studie kwantificeert de differentiële afdruk van niet-standaard fysica op halo-structuur met behulp van DM-only kosmologische N-body simulaties. De analyse richt zich op driedimensionale (3D) en geprojecteerde profielen (dichtheid, massa, snelheidsdispersie en excess surface density) tot $5 r_{500c}$ .

Simulatie-suites:
- DUSTGRAIN-PF: Sampleert de gezamenlijke parameterruimte van $f(R)$ -zwaartekracht (Hu–Sawicki model met $|f_{R0}| = 10^{-5}$ ) en massieve neutrino's ( $m_\nu = 0,10, 0,15$ eV). Deze suite isoleert de competitie tussen de vijfde kracht en neutrino free-streaming.
- DEMNUni: Sampleert dynamische DE (CPL parametrisatie met variërende $w_0, w_a$ ) en massieve neutrino's ( $m_\nu = 0,16$ eV) binnen een vlak $\Lambda$ CDM-raamwerk.
Roodverschuivingen: De primaire analyse wordt uitgevoerd bij $z=1,1$ , wat een conservatieve stress-test vertegenwoordigt waarbij de WL signaal-ruisverhouding begint te verslechteren. DUSTGRAIN-PF wordt additioneel geanalyseerd bij $z=0,5$ en $z=0,3$ .
Profielreconstructie: De auteurs gebruiken de GetHaloDensityProfiles pipeline (uitgebreid van Euclid Collaboration: Rácz et al. 2025) om gebince profielen te genereren voor halo's met $M_{200c} > 10^{13} M_\odot$ . Profielen worden gestapeld in drie massabins om statistische robuustheid te waarborgen.
Observationele Modellering: Om de detecteerbaarheid door Euclid te beoordelen, berekenen de auteurs de significantie van afwijkingen van $\Lambda$ CDM tegen voorspelde WL-onzekerheden. Dit omvat vormruis (shape noise), intrinsieke spreiding (triaxialiteit, projectie) en een coherente systematische vloer ( $f_{sys}$ ). De analyse gaat uit van een bron-roodverschuivingsverdeling die typerend is voor Euclid-voorspellingen.

Belangrijkste Bijdragen en Resultaten

$f(R)$ -zwaartekracht Signaturen:
- In de DUSTGRAIN-PF suite induceert $f(R)$ -zwaartekracht afwijkingen van de orde 10% in geprojecteerde en 3D profielen, met name in laag-massa halo's ( $M_{200c} < 7 \times 10^{13} M_\odot$ ) en bij grote radii ( $r \gtrsim 2 r_{500c}$ ) waar chameleon screening minder efficiënt is.
- De vijfde kracht versterkt de instroom (infall) en peculiar velocities, waardoor massa naar de buitenwijken wordt herverdeeld. Dit leidt tot lagere effectieve concentraties in massieve halo's (onderdrukte binnenprofielen, versterkte buitenwijken) en meer centraal geconcentreerde profielen in laag-massa halo's waar screening inefficiënt is.
- Massieve neutrino's counteren deze effecten gedeeltelijk door de groei van structuren te onderdrukken en de screening-efficiëntie te verhogen, waardoor profielen dichter bij de $\Lambda$ CDM-verwachtingen komen.
Dynamische Donkere Energie en Massieve Neutrino's:
- In de DEMNUni suite zijn de afwijkingen over het algemeen kleiner (enkele procenten niveau).
- Modellen met onderdrukte lineaire groei (bijv. massieve neutrino's of specifieke DE-vergelijkingen van staat) produceren halo's die, bij een vaste massa en roodverschuiving, overeenkomen met minder massieve progenitor-halo's in $\Lambda$ CDM. Dit resulteert in hogere concentraties en onderdrukte massaprofielen in laag-massa bins.
- Omgekeeld vertonen modellen met een versterkte groei verminderde concentraties en massherverdeling naar de buitenwijken.
Snelheidsdispersies en Anisotropie:
- Snelheidsdispersie-profielen vertonen significante afwijkingen (tot 2 de 20% in DUSTGRAIN-PF laag-massa bins), met name in de radiale component bij grote radii.
- Snelheidsanisotropie ( $\beta(r)$ ) blijft grotendeels onveranderd, hoewel een zwakke trend naar meer isotrope banen wordt waargenomen in $f(R)$ laag-massa halo's. Een scherpe daling in $\beta(r)$ rond $2 r_{500c}$ wordt waargenomen in alle modellen, toegeschreven aan de overlap van infalling en splashback banen.
Concentratie–Massa Relatie:
- De concentratie–massa ( $c-M$ ) relatie vertoont een zwakkere kosmologische afhankelijkheid, met afwijkingen typisch op het niveau van $\sim 5\%$ .
- Gezien de grote intrinsieke spreiding van halo-concentraties, concludeert het artikel dat de $c-M$ relatie alleen onvoldoende is om deze niet-standaard modellen van $\Lambda$ CDM te onderscheiden met Euclid WL-data.
Detecteerbaarheid en Systematiek:
- Bij $z=1,1$ vereist het detecteren van profielverschillen het stapelen van $\sim 10^5$ halo's om een $3\sigma$ significantie te bereiken, uitgaande van optimistische systematische vloeren.
- Bij lagere roodverschuivingen ( $z \lesssim 0,5$ ), waar de WL signaal-ruisverhouding verbetert en niet-standaard effecten accumuleren, kan een paar duizend halo's ( $\sim 10^3$ ) volstaan voor detectie.
- De auteurs benadrukken dat zelfs als ze niet direct detecteerbaar zijn, deze profielmodificaties fungeren als kosmologie-afhankelijke systematische fouten. Het interpreteren van niet-standaard profielen met rigide $\Lambda$ CDM-templates zou de geïnferred halo-massa's en concentraties kunnen biaseren.

Significantie
Dit artikel biedt een gecontroleerde, DM-only baseline voor het identificeren van waar de grootste niet-standaard kosmologische signaturen worden verwacht. Het demonstreert dat terwijl concentratie–massa relaties robuust zijn, de gedetailleerde vorm van halo-profielen (vooral in de buitenwijken en voor laag-massa systemen) duidelijke afdrukken draagt van gemodificeerde zwaartekracht en neutrino-fysica. De studie betoogt dat precieze modellering van deze niet-standaard effecten noodzakelijk is voor toekomstige Euclid cluster-analyses om niet-verwaarloosbare systematische biases in massacalibratie en kosmologische parameter-schatting te voorkomen. De resultaten dienen als een benchmark voor het integreren van deze effecten in likelihood-analyses die betrekking hebben op Euclid WL-massa's, waarbij de noodzaak voor toekomstig werk om baryonische fysica en observationele systematiek op te nemen wordt benadrukt.

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