Digital Quantum Simulation of Nonequilibrium Dynamics in the Schwinger Model under a Strong External Electric Field
This paper demonstrates that combining variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) state preparation with digital real-time evolution via Trotter-Suzuki decomposition effectively simulates the nonequilibrium dynamics of the (1+1)-dimensional Schwinger model under strong external electric fields, accurately reproducing key phenomena such as vacuum flips, boundary charge separation, and energy redistribution when benchmarked against exact diagonalization.