Probiotics modulates transcriptomic and gut microbiota responses to short-term thermal stress in American shad (Alosa sapidissima) fry
This study demonstrates that dietary supplementation with *Lactococcus lactis* alleviates short-term thermal stress in American shad fry by reshaping intestinal microbiota composition and modulating hepatic metabolic pathways, thereby providing a molecular basis for enhancing stress resistance in temperature-sensitive fish under climate warming.