Valorization of Popocatépetl volcanic ash as a sustainable photocatalyst for ciprofloxacin removal
This study demonstrates that untreated Popocatépetl volcanic ash serves as a cost-effective, sustainable, and highly efficient iron-bearing photocatalyst for degrading ciprofloxacin in water, outperforming commercial TiO2 P25 and offering a viable solution for antibiotic remediation in low-resource regions.