Petroleum-driven groundwater contamination in Azzan city, Yemen: Integrated assessment using hydrochemistry, trace metals, PAHs, and PCBs
This study reveals that groundwater in Azzan City, Yemen, suffers from severe multi-component contamination driven by petroleum activities and geogenic processes, evidenced by elevated toxic metals, dominant petrogenic PAHs, and PCBs that pose significant non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks to local populations.