Economic Growth, Energy Transition, and GHG Emissions in India: Evidence from ARDL-ECM, EKC, and Granger Causality Analysis (1990-2024)
This study analyzes India's 1990–2024 data using ARDL-ECM and Granger causality methods to confirm an inverted-U shaped Environmental Kuznets Curve, demonstrating that renewable energy and innovation significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions while FDI shows no detrimental environmental impact, though a bidirectional causal link between economic growth and emissions underscores the need for targeted policy interventions.