Efficiency Dynamics of Turkish Airports: A Non-Radial Slacks-Based Measure (SBM) Malmquist Productivity Index Analysis
This study employs a non-radial SBM-Malmquist Productivity Index to analyze 50 Turkish airports from 2021 to 2025, revealing that while major hubs maintain efficiency, overall productivity is driven primarily by technological change rather than managerial improvements, highlighting the need for better capacity utilization and digital infrastructure to support regional recovery.