The IGF-II/S1P1 receptor transactivation axis: a novel neuroprotective mechanism in Parkinson’s disease models
This study demonstrates that IGF-II exerts neuroprotective effects in Parkinson's disease models by activating the SphK1/S1P/S1P1 signaling axis, which preserves mitochondrial function, enhances antioxidant defenses, and reduces α-synuclein accumulation.