Gendered Labour, Ethnic Pastoralism and Physical Activity Inequality among Middle-aged Kazakh Women in Xinjiang, China
This ethnographic study of middle-aged Kazakh women in Xinjiang reveals that physical activity inequality is socially produced through a mutually reinforcing "time-space-cognition trilemma" driven by gendered labor burdens, normalized chronic illness, and culturally inaccessible fitness infrastructure, rather than by individual lack of motivation.