Curriculum, Teaching, and Assessment Gaps in Arabic Teacher Education: A Transformative Learning Integration Model (TLIM)
This paper identifies critical gaps between syllabus intent and evidence-based design in Arabic teacher education at Universitas Islam Riau through a documentary audit and stakeholder validation, leading to the proposal of the Transformative Learning Integration Model (TLIM) to coordinate problem-based learning, self-regulated cycles, and AI within a transformative learning framework.