Institutional and ecological factors shaping community participation in tourism under the Belt and Road Initiative in China and Madagascar
This study employs an institutional-ecological framework to compare China and Madagascar under the Belt and Road Initiative, revealing that China's superior community participation in tourism stems from its incremental institutional innovations and adaptive Confucian ethics, whereas Madagascar's lower engagement is hindered by path dependence and cultural conflicts, thereby offering strategic insights for advancing sustainable tourism and SDG goals in the Global South.