🔭 astrophysics

Euclid preparation. Simulated galaxy catalogues for non-standard cosmological models

This paper presents publicly released simulated galaxy catalogues for a broad suite of non-standard cosmological models to support the Euclid mission, demonstrating that while the linear growth rate parameter exhibits robustness across diverse gravitational and dark energy scenarios, using incorrect cosmological templates introduces significant scatter that challenges standard Gaussian covariance assumptions and underscores the need for future investigations to encompass a wider range of theoretical frameworks.

Original authors: Euclid Collaboration, M. -A. Breton (Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France), P. Fosalba (Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Institute ofEuclid Collaboration, M. -A. Breton (Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France), P. Fosalba (Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Institute of Space Sciences), S. Avila (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), M. Baldi (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), C. Carbone (INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy), M. Kärcher (Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy), G. Rácz (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), M. Bolzonella (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), F. J. Castander (Institute of Space Sciences, Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya), C. Giocoli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), K. Koyama (Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK), A. M. C. Le Brun (Laboratoire d'etude de l'Univers et des phenomenes eXtremes, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France), L. Pozzetti (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), A. G. Adame (Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Türkenschanzstrasse 17, 1180 Vienna, Austria, Departamento de Física Teórica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, Centro de Investigación Avanzada en Física Fundamental), V. Gonzalez-Perez (Departamento de Física Teórica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain, Centro de Investigación Avanzada en Física Fundamental), G. Yepes (Departamento de Física Teórica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain, Centro de Investigación Avanzada en Física Fundamental), B. Altieri (ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain), S. Andreon (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), C. Baccigalupi (IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy), S. Bardelli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), P. Battaglia (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), A. Biviano (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), E. Branchini (Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), M. Brescia (Department of Physics "E. Pancini", University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy), S. Camera (Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese), V. Capobianco (INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese), V. F. Cardone (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 - c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy), J. Carretero (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra), M. Castellano (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), G. Castignani (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), S. Cavuoti (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy, INFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy), A. Cimatti (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), C. Colodro-Conde (Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), G. Congedo (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), L. Conversi (European Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy, ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain), Y. Copin (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France), A. Costille (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France), F. Courbin (Institut de Ciències del Cosmos, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai), H. M. Courtois (UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne, France), A. Da Silva (Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal, Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal), H. Degaudenzi (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), S. de la Torre (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France), G. De Lucia (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), H. Dole (Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France), M. Douspis (Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France), F. Dubath (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), C. A. J. Duncan (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), X. Dupac (ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain), S. Dusini (INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), S. Escoffier (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), M. Farina (INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy), R. Farinelli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), S. Farrens (Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France), F. Faustini (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy), S. Ferriol (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France), F. Finelli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy), S. Fotopoulou (School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK), N. Fourmanoit (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), M. Frailis (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), E. Franceschi (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), M. Fumana (INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy), S. Galeotta (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), K. George (University Observatory, LMU Faculty of Physics, Munich, Germany), B. Gillis (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), J. Gracia-Carpio (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), A. Grazian (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy), F. Grupp (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany), S. V. H. Haugan (Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway), W. Holmes (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA), F. Hormuth (Felix Hormuth Engineering, Goethestr. 17, 69181 Leimen, Germany), A. Hornstrup (Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, Cosmic Dawn Center), K. Jahnke (Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany), M. Jhabvala (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA), B. Joachimi (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK), S. Kermiche (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), A. Kiessling (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA), M. Kilbinger (Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France), B. Kubik (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France), M. Kunz (Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland), H. Kurki-Suonio (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), S. Ligori (INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese), P. B. Lilje (Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway), V. Lindholm (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), I. Lloro (SKAO, Jodrell Bank, Lower Withington, Macclesfield SK11 9FT, UK), G. Mainetti (Centre de Calcul de l'IN2P3/CNRS, 21 avenue Pierre de Coubertin 69627 Villeurbanne Cedex, France), O. Mansutti (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), O. Marggraf (Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany), M. Martinelli (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 - c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy), N. Martinet (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France), F. Marulli (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), R. J. Massey (Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK), E. Medinaceli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), S. Mei (Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France, CNRS-UCB International Research Laboratory, Centre Pierre Binétruy, IRL2007, CPB-IN2P3, Berkeley, USA), M. Meneghetti (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), E. Merlin (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), G. Meylan (Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), A. Mora (Telespazio UK S.L. for European Space Agency), M. Moresco (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), L. Moscardini (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), C. Neissner (Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra), S. -M. Niemi (European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands), J. W. Nightingale (School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Herschel Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK), C. Padilla (Institut de Física d'Altes Energies), S. Paltani (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), F. Pasian (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), K. Pedersen (DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 155, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark), V. Pettorino (European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands), S. Pires (Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France), G. Polenta (Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy), M. Poncet (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales -- Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France), L. A. Popa (Institute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409 Măgurele, Ilfov, 077125, Romania), F. Raison (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), A. Renzi (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), J. Rhodes (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA), G. Riccio (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy), E. Romelli (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), M. Roncarelli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), R. Saglia (Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), Z. Sakr (Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université St Joseph, Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon), D. Sapone (Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile), B. Sartoris (Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), A. Secroun (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), G. Seidel (Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany), E. Sihvola (Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), P. Simon (Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany), C. Sirignano (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), G. Sirri (INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), A. Spurio Mancini (Department of Physics, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK), L. Stanco (INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), P. Tallada-Crespí (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra), A. N. Taylor (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), I. Tereno (Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal, Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal), N. Tessore (Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK), S. Toft (Cosmic Dawn Center, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark), R. Toledo-Moreo (Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadoras, Plaza del Hospital 1, 30202 Cartagena, Spain), F. Torradeflot (Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), I. Tutusaus (Institute of Space Sciences, Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie), E. A. Valentijn (Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands), J. Valiviita (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), T. Vassallo (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, University Observatory, LMU Faculty of Physics, Munich, Germany), G. Verdoes Kleijn (Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands), Y. Wang (Caltech/IPAC, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA), J. Weller (Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), G. Zamorani (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), F. M. Zerbi (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), E. Zucca (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), M. Ballardini (Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), A. Boucaud (Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France), E. Bozzo (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), C. Burigana (INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy), R. Cabanac (Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie), M. Calabrese (Astronomical Observatory of the Autonomous Region of the Aosta Valley, INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy), A. Cappi (Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), T. Castro (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, ICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy), J. A. Escartin Vigo (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), G. Fabbian (Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France), L. Gabarra (Department of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK), J. García-Bellido (Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain), S. Hemmati (Caltech/IPAC, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA), J. Macias-Perez (Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 53, Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France), R. Maoli (Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), J. Martín-Fleitas (Aurora Technology for European Space Agency), N. Mauri (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), R. B. Metcalf (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), P. Monaco (Dipartimento di Fisica - Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), A. Pezzotta (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), M. Pöntinen (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), I. Risso (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy), V. Scottez (Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014, Paris, France, ICL, Junia, Université Catholique de Lille, LITL, 59000 Lille, France), M. Sereno (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), M. Tenti (INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), M. Tucci (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), M. Viel (IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, ICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy), M. Wiesmann (Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway), Y. Akrami (Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, CERCA/ISO, Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA), I. T. Andika (University Observatory, LMU Faculty of Physics, Munich, Germany), G. Angora (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy), M. Archidiacono (Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy), F. Atrio-Barandela (Departamento de Física Fundamental. Universidad de Salamanca. Plaza de la Merced s/n. 37008 Salamanca, Spain), L. Bazzanini (Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), J. Bel (Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, Marseille, France), D. Bertacca (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy, INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), M. Bethermin (Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg, France), F. Beutler (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), A. Blanchard (Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie), L. Blot (Center for Data-Driven Discovery, Kavli IPMU, Laboratoire d'etude de l'Univers et des phenomenes eXtremes, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France), M. Bonici (Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy), S. Borgani (Dipartimento di Fisica - Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, ICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy), M. L. Brown (Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK), S. Bruton (California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA), B. Camacho Quevedo (IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), F. Caro (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), C. S. Carvalho (Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal), F. Cogato (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), A. R. Cooray (Department of Physics \& Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA), S. Davini (INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy), G. Desprez (Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands), A. Díaz-Sánchez (Departamento Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain), S. Di Domizio (Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy), J. M. Diego (Instituto de Física de Cantabria, Edificio Juan Jordá, Avenida de los Castros, 39005 Santander, Spain), V. Duret (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), A. Eggemeier (Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany), M. Y. Elkhashab (Dipartimento di Fisica - Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), A. Enia (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), Y. Fang (Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany), A. Finoguenov (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), F. Fontanot (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), A. Franco (INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Via per Arnesano, CP-193, 73100, Lecce, Italy, Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, CP-I93, 73100, Lecce, Italy, INAF-Sezione di Lecce, c/o Dipartimento Matematica e Fisica, Via per Arnesano, 73100, Lecce, Italy), K. Ganga (Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France), T. Gasparetto (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), R. Gavazzi (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France), E. Gaztanaga (Institute of Space Sciences, Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK), F. Giacomini (INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), F. Gianotti (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), G. Gozaliasl (Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, PO Box 15400, Espoo, FI-00 076, Finland, Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), A. Gruppuso (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), M. Guidi (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), C. M. Gutierrez (Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, Universidad de La Laguna, Dpto. Astrofí sica, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), A. Hall (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), H. Hildebrandt (Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute), J. Hjorth (DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 155, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark), J. J. E. Kajava (Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vesilinnantie 5, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland, Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, Serco for European Space Agency), Y. Kang (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), V. Kansal (ARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics, Melbourne, Australia, Centre for Astrophysics \& Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia), D. Karagiannis (Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa), K. Kiiveri (Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), J. Kim (Department of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK), C. C. Kirkpatrick (Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), S. Kruk (ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain), M. Lattanzi (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy), J. Le Graet (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), L. Legrand (DAMTP, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK, Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK), M. Lembo (Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France), F. Lepori (Departement of Theoretical Physics, University of Geneva, Switzerland), G. Leroy (Department of Physics, Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK, Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK), G. F. Lesci (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), J. Lesgourgues (Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology), T. I. Liaudat (IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France), S. J. Liu (INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy), X. Lopez Lopez (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), M. Magliocchetti (INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy), A. Manjón-García (Departamento Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain), F. Mannucci (INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125, Firenze, Italy), C. J. A. P. Martins (Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal, Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, PT4150-762 Porto, Portugal), L. Maurin (Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France), M. Miluzio (ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain, HE Space for European Space Agency), A. Montoro (Institute of Space Sciences, Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya), C. Moretti (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy), G. Morgante (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), S. Nadathur (Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK), K. Naidoo (Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK, Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany), A. Navarro-Alsina (Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany), S. Nesseris (Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain), L. Pagano (Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy), D. Paoletti (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy), F. Passalacqua (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), K. Paterson (Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany), L. Patrizii (INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), C. Pattison (Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK), A. Pisani (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), D. Potter (Department of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland), G. W. Pratt (Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France), S. Quai (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), M. Radovich (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy), K. Rojas (University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland, School of Computer Science, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland), W. Roster (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), S. Sacquegna (INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico d'Abruzzo, Via Maggini, 64100, Teramo, Italy), M. Sahlén (Theoretical astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 37 Uppsala, Sweden), D. B. Sanders (Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA), E. Sarpa (SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy, ICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), A. Schneider (Department of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland), M. Schultheis (Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France), D. Sciotti (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 - c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy), E. Sellentin (Mathematical Institute, University of Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands, Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands), L. C. Smith (Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK), J. G. Sorce (Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 9189 CRIStAL, 59000 Lille, France, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France), K. Tanidis (Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia), F. Tarsitano (Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Dept. of Physics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland, Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), G. Testera (INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy), R. Teyssier (Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA), S. Tosi (Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy), A. Troja (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), C. Valieri (INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), A. Venhola (Space physics and astronomy research unit, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland), D. Vergani (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), F. Vernizzi (Institut de Physique Théorique, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France), G. Verza (International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, 10010, New York, NY, USA), S. Vinciguerra (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France), N. A. Walton (Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK), A. H. Wright (Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute), H. W. Yeung (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK)

Published 2026-03-16

📖 5 min read🧠 Deep dive

CC BY 4.0

Original authors: Euclid Collaboration, M. -A. Breton (Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France), P. Fosalba (Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Institute of Space Sciences), S. Avila (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), M. Baldi (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), C. Carbone (INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy), M. Kärcher (Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy), G. Rácz (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), M. Bolzonella (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), F. J. Castander (Institute of Space Sciences, Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya), C. Giocoli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), K. Koyama (Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK), A. M. C. Le Brun (Laboratoire d'etude de l'Univers et des phenomenes eXtremes, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France), L. Pozzetti (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), A. G. Adame (Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Türkenschanzstrasse 17, 1180 Vienna, Austria, Departamento de Física Teórica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, Centro de Investigación Avanzada en Física Fundamental), V. Gonzalez-Perez (Departamento de Física Teórica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain, Centro de Investigación Avanzada en Física Fundamental), G. Yepes (Departamento de Física Teórica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain, Centro de Investigación Avanzada en Física Fundamental), B. Altieri (ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain), S. Andreon (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), C. Baccigalupi (IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy), S. Bardelli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), P. Battaglia (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), A. Biviano (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), E. Branchini (Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), M. Brescia (Department of Physics "E. Pancini", University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy), S. Camera (Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese), V. Capobianco (INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese), V. F. Cardone (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 - c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy), J. Carretero (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra), M. Castellano (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), G. Castignani (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), S. Cavuoti (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy, INFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy), A. Cimatti (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), C. Colodro-Conde (Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), G. Congedo (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), L. Conversi (European Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy, ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain), Y. Copin (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France), A. Costille (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France), F. Courbin (Institut de Ciències del Cosmos, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai), H. M. Courtois (UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne, France), A. Da Silva (Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal, Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal), H. Degaudenzi (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), S. de la Torre (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France), G. De Lucia (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), H. Dole (Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France), M. Douspis (Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France), F. Dubath (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), C. A. J. Duncan (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), X. Dupac (ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain), S. Dusini (INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), S. Escoffier (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), M. Farina (INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy), R. Farinelli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), S. Farrens (Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France), F. Faustini (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy), S. Ferriol (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France), F. Finelli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy), S. Fotopoulou (School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK), N. Fourmanoit (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), M. Frailis (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), E. Franceschi (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), M. Fumana (INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy), S. Galeotta (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), K. George (University Observatory, LMU Faculty of Physics, Munich, Germany), B. Gillis (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), J. Gracia-Carpio (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), A. Grazian (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy), F. Grupp (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany), S. V. H. Haugan (Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway), W. Holmes (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA), F. Hormuth (Felix Hormuth Engineering, Goethestr. 17, 69181 Leimen, Germany), A. Hornstrup (Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, Cosmic Dawn Center), K. Jahnke (Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany), M. Jhabvala (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA), B. Joachimi (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK), S. Kermiche (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), A. Kiessling (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA), M. Kilbinger (Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France), B. Kubik (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France), M. Kunz (Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland), H. Kurki-Suonio (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), S. Ligori (INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese), P. B. Lilje (Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway), V. Lindholm (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), I. Lloro (SKAO, Jodrell Bank, Lower Withington, Macclesfield SK11 9FT, UK), G. Mainetti (Centre de Calcul de l'IN2P3/CNRS, 21 avenue Pierre de Coubertin 69627 Villeurbanne Cedex, France), O. Mansutti (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), O. Marggraf (Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany), M. Martinelli (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 - c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy), N. Martinet (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France), F. Marulli (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), R. J. Massey (Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK), E. Medinaceli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), S. Mei (Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France, CNRS-UCB International Research Laboratory, Centre Pierre Binétruy, IRL2007, CPB-IN2P3, Berkeley, USA), M. Meneghetti (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), E. Merlin (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), G. Meylan (Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), A. Mora (Telespazio UK S.L. for European Space Agency), M. Moresco (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), L. Moscardini (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), C. Neissner (Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra), S. -M. Niemi (European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands), J. W. Nightingale (School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Herschel Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK), C. Padilla (Institut de Física d'Altes Energies), S. Paltani (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), F. Pasian (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), K. Pedersen (DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 155, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark), V. Pettorino (European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands), S. Pires (Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France), G. Polenta (Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy), M. Poncet (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales -- Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France), L. A. Popa (Institute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409 Măgurele, Ilfov, 077125, Romania), F. Raison (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), A. Renzi (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), J. Rhodes (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA), G. Riccio (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy), E. Romelli (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), M. Roncarelli (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), R. Saglia (Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), Z. Sakr (Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université St Joseph, Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon), D. Sapone (Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile), B. Sartoris (Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), A. Secroun (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), G. Seidel (Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany), E. Sihvola (Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), P. Simon (Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany), C. Sirignano (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), G. Sirri (INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), A. Spurio Mancini (Department of Physics, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK), L. Stanco (INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), P. Tallada-Crespí (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra), A. N. Taylor (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), I. Tereno (Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal, Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal), N. Tessore (Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK), S. Toft (Cosmic Dawn Center, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark), R. Toledo-Moreo (Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadoras, Plaza del Hospital 1, 30202 Cartagena, Spain), F. Torradeflot (Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), I. Tutusaus (Institute of Space Sciences, Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie), E. A. Valentijn (Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands), J. Valiviita (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), T. Vassallo (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, University Observatory, LMU Faculty of Physics, Munich, Germany), G. Verdoes Kleijn (Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands), Y. Wang (Caltech/IPAC, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA), J. Weller (Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), G. Zamorani (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), F. M. Zerbi (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), E. Zucca (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), M. Ballardini (Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), A. Boucaud (Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France), E. Bozzo (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), C. Burigana (INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy), R. Cabanac (Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie), M. Calabrese (Astronomical Observatory of the Autonomous Region of the Aosta Valley, INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy), A. Cappi (Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), T. Castro (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, ICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy), J. A. Escartin Vigo (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), G. Fabbian (Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France), L. Gabarra (Department of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK), J. García-Bellido (Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain), S. Hemmati (Caltech/IPAC, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA), J. Macias-Perez (Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 53, Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France), R. Maoli (Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), J. Martín-Fleitas (Aurora Technology for European Space Agency), N. Mauri (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), R. B. Metcalf (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), P. Monaco (Dipartimento di Fisica - Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), A. Pezzotta (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy), M. Pöntinen (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), I. Risso (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy), V. Scottez (Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014, Paris, France, ICL, Junia, Université Catholique de Lille, LITL, 59000 Lille, France), M. Sereno (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), M. Tenti (INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), M. Tucci (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), M. Viel (IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, ICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy), M. Wiesmann (Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway), Y. Akrami (Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, CERCA/ISO, Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA), I. T. Andika (University Observatory, LMU Faculty of Physics, Munich, Germany), G. Angora (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy), M. Archidiacono (Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy), F. Atrio-Barandela (Departamento de Física Fundamental. Universidad de Salamanca. Plaza de la Merced s/n. 37008 Salamanca, Spain), L. Bazzanini (Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), J. Bel (Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, Marseille, France), D. Bertacca (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy, INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), M. Bethermin (Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg, France), F. Beutler (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), A. Blanchard (Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie), L. Blot (Center for Data-Driven Discovery, Kavli IPMU, Laboratoire d'etude de l'Univers et des phenomenes eXtremes, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France), M. Bonici (Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy), S. Borgani (Dipartimento di Fisica - Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, ICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy), M. L. Brown (Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK), S. Bruton (California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA), B. Camacho Quevedo (IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), F. Caro (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), C. S. Carvalho (Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal), F. Cogato (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), A. R. Cooray (Department of Physics \& Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA), S. Davini (INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy), G. Desprez (Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands), A. Díaz-Sánchez (Departamento Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain), S. Di Domizio (Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy), J. M. Diego (Instituto de Física de Cantabria, Edificio Juan Jordá, Avenida de los Castros, 39005 Santander, Spain), V. Duret (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), A. Eggemeier (Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany), M. Y. Elkhashab (Dipartimento di Fisica - Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), A. Enia (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), Y. Fang (Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany), A. Finoguenov (Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), F. Fontanot (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy), A. Franco (INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Via per Arnesano, CP-193, 73100, Lecce, Italy, Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, CP-I93, 73100, Lecce, Italy, INAF-Sezione di Lecce, c/o Dipartimento Matematica e Fisica, Via per Arnesano, 73100, Lecce, Italy), K. Ganga (Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France), T. Gasparetto (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy), R. Gavazzi (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France), E. Gaztanaga (Institute of Space Sciences, Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK), F. Giacomini (INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), F. Gianotti (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), G. Gozaliasl (Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, PO Box 15400, Espoo, FI-00 076, Finland, Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), A. Gruppuso (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), M. Guidi (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), C. M. Gutierrez (Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, Universidad de La Laguna, Dpto. Astrofí sica, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain), A. Hall (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK), H. Hildebrandt (Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute), J. Hjorth (DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 155, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark), J. J. E. Kajava (Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vesilinnantie 5, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland, Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, Serco for European Space Agency), Y. Kang (Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), V. Kansal (ARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics, Melbourne, Australia, Centre for Astrophysics \& Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia), D. Karagiannis (Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa), K. Kiiveri (Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), J. Kim (Department of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK), C. C. Kirkpatrick (Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland), S. Kruk (ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain), M. Lattanzi (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy), J. Le Graet (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), L. Legrand (DAMTP, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK, Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK), M. Lembo (Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France), F. Lepori (Departement of Theoretical Physics, University of Geneva, Switzerland), G. Leroy (Department of Physics, Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK, Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK), G. F. Lesci (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), J. Lesgourgues (Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology), T. I. Liaudat (IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France), S. J. Liu (INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy), X. Lopez Lopez (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), M. Magliocchetti (INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy), A. Manjón-García (Departamento Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain), F. Mannucci (INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125, Firenze, Italy), C. J. A. P. Martins (Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal, Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, PT4150-762 Porto, Portugal), L. Maurin (Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France), M. Miluzio (ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain, HE Space for European Space Agency), A. Montoro (Institute of Space Sciences, Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya), C. Moretti (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy), G. Morgante (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), S. Nadathur (Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK), K. Naidoo (Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK, Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany), A. Navarro-Alsina (Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany), S. Nesseris (Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain), L. Pagano (Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy), D. Paoletti (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy), F. Passalacqua (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), K. Paterson (Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany), L. Patrizii (INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), C. Pattison (Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK), A. Pisani (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France), D. Potter (Department of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland), G. W. Pratt (Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France), S. Quai (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), M. Radovich (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy), K. Rojas (University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland, School of Computer Science, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland), W. Roster (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany), S. Sacquegna (INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico d'Abruzzo, Via Maggini, 64100, Teramo, Italy), M. Sahlén (Theoretical astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 37 Uppsala, Sweden), D. B. Sanders (Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA), E. Sarpa (SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy, ICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy), A. Schneider (Department of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland), M. Schultheis (Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France), D. Sciotti (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 - c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy), E. Sellentin (Mathematical Institute, University of Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands, Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands), L. C. Smith (Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK), J. G. Sorce (Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 9189 CRIStAL, 59000 Lille, France, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France), K. Tanidis (Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia), F. Tarsitano (Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Dept. of Physics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland, Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland), G. Testera (INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy), R. Teyssier (Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA), S. Tosi (Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy), A. Troja (Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy), C. Valieri (INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy), A. Venhola (Space physics and astronomy research unit, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland), D. Vergani (INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy), F. Vernizzi (Institut de Physique Théorique, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France), G. Verza (International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, 10010, New York, NY, USA), S. Vinciguerra (Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France), N. A. Walton (Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK), A. H. Wright (Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute), H. W. Yeung (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK)

Original paper licensed under CC BY 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). ✨ This is an AI-generated explanation of the paper below. It is not written or endorsed by the authors. For technical accuracy, refer to the original paper. Read full disclaimer

Imagine the universe as a giant, cosmic ocean. For decades, scientists have been sailing this ocean using a specific map called ΛCDM (Lambda-Cold Dark Matter). This map assumes the ocean has a constant depth (Dark Energy) and is filled with invisible, slow-moving fish (Cold Dark Matter). It's been a great map, but recently, sailors have noticed some strange currents and waves that don't quite match the map's predictions.

Enter Euclid, a new, high-tech lighthouse ship launched by the European Space Agency. Its job is to map billions of galaxies to see if the ocean is actually different than we thought. Maybe the "dark energy" isn't constant, maybe gravity works slightly differently in deep space, or maybe there are heavy, invisible neutrinos swimming around.

This paper is essentially the Euclid crew's "Training Manual" and "Simulation Lab." Before they can trust their real observations, they need to test their instruments on fake universes where they know the rules.

Here is a breakdown of what they did, using some everyday analogies:

1. Building Fake Universes (The Simulation Suite)

The team didn't just build one fake universe; they built a whole zoo of them.

The Standard Model: They built a universe that looks exactly like our current best guess (ΛCDM).
The "What-If" Models: They built universes where:
- Gravity is tweaked: Imagine if gravity was a bit stronger or weaker in certain places (Modified Gravity).
- Dark Energy is dynamic: Instead of a constant background pressure, imagine dark energy is a fluid that changes its behavior over time (like a balloon that gets harder or softer to blow up as it ages).
- Neutrinos have mass: Imagine the invisible particles in the water are actually heavy enough to slow down the currents.
- The Big Bang was "lumpy": Imagine the initial explosion wasn't perfectly smooth, but had some random, jagged bumps (Primordial Non-Gaussianity).

They ran these simulations on supercomputers, creating billions of virtual particles that clumped together to form "halos" (the invisible scaffolding where galaxies live).

2. Populating the Halos (The HOD Method)

Now they had the scaffolding (dark matter halos), but they needed galaxies. They used a method called Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD).

The Analogy: Think of the dark matter halos as apartment buildings. The HOD method is the real estate algorithm that decides how many people (galaxies) live in each building.
- Big buildings (massive halos) get a landlord (central galaxy) and many tenants (satellite galaxies).
- Small buildings might get just a landlord or be empty.
They tuned this algorithm so that the resulting "fake galaxies" looked and clustered exactly like the real galaxies Euclid is expected to see. They even tested two different ways to arrange the tenants inside the buildings (NFW profiles vs. Hα profiles) to see if it changed the results.

3. The "Template Fitting" Test

This is the core of the paper. Once they had their fake galaxy catalogs, they tried to measure the universe's expansion and growth using a technique called Template Fitting.

The Analogy: Imagine you have a photo of a crowd of people (the galaxy data). You want to know how fast they are moving away from each other. To do this, you hold up a stencil (the template) with a grid on it. You try to fit the grid over the photo to measure the distances.
The Problem: Usually, you use a stencil made for a "standard" crowd. But what if your photo is actually of a crowd running in a different way (a non-standard universe)?
- Test 1: They used a stencil made for the exact same universe they were looking at. (Did the tool work when the rules matched?)
- Test 2: They used the "Standard Euclid Stencil" (based on the ΛCDM model) to look at the "Weird Universe" photos. (Did the tool break or give wrong answers?)

4. The Results: Surprisingly Robust!

The findings were encouraging, with a few caveats:

The "Growth Rate" is Tough: They measured a specific number called $f\sigma_{12}$ (which tells us how fast structures like galaxy clusters are growing). They found that this number is very robust. Even if they used the "wrong" stencil (the standard one) on a "weird" universe, the measurement didn't change much. It's like trying to measure the speed of a car; even if you use a slightly blurry ruler, you still get the speed right.
The "Distance" Measurements are Tricky: They also measured the Alcock-Paczynski (AP) parameters, which tell us about the shape of the universe (is it stretched or squashed?). These were more sensitive. When they used the "wrong" stencil, the measurements sometimes drifted a bit.
The "Noise" Factor: Sometimes, the measurements looked off not because the universe was weird, but just because of random chance (statistical noise). With billions of galaxies, you expect some randomness, but the team found that sometimes the "noise" was bigger than their error bars suggested. This means we need to be very careful about how we calculate our "margin of error."

5. Why This Matters

The main takeaway is that Euclid is ready.
The team proved that even if the universe turns out to be weird (with modified gravity or heavy neutrinos), their tools can still measure the most important things (like how fast things are growing) with high accuracy, even if they assume the "standard" model is true.

However, they also warned that if the universe is really different from what we think, we might need to update our "stencils" (templates) and be extra careful about how we calculate our uncertainties.

In a nutshell: The Euclid team built a massive library of fake universes to test their measuring tools. They found that their tools are sturdy enough to handle a few surprises, but they need to keep their eyes open for the really big, weird changes that might be hiding in the cosmic ocean.

1. Problem Statement

The $\Lambda$ CDM model, while successful, faces observational tensions (e.g., the $H_0$ tension) and theoretical limitations. Future Stage-IV surveys like Euclid aim to test the nature of dark energy, modified gravity, massive neutrinos, and primordial non-Gaussianity (PNG) with unprecedented precision. However, standard analysis pipelines often assume a fiducial $\Lambda$ CDM cosmology.

The Challenge: To robustly constrain non-standard models, analysis tools must be tested against a diverse suite of cosmological simulations that deviate from $\Lambda$ CDM.
The Gap: There is a need for publicly available, model-independent galaxy catalogues derived from various non-standard simulations to validate the "template-fitting" method used in galaxy clustering analysis. Specifically, it is crucial to determine how robust parameter recovery is when the analysis template (fiducial cosmology) differs from the true cosmology of the data.

2. Methodology

The authors developed a unified, model-agnostic pipeline to process a broad suite of cosmological simulations into galaxy catalogues suitable for Euclid's spectroscopic survey.

A. Simulation Suites

The study utilized 15 different simulation suites covering a wide range of non-standard physics:

Massive Neutrinos: DEMNUni suite ( $w_0wa$ CDM + $m_\nu$ ).
Primordial Non-Gaussianity (PNG): PNG-UNIT ( $f_{NL}=100$ ).
Dynamical Dark Energy: $w$ CDM, $w_0wa$ CDM (DEMNUni), and Coupled Quintessence (CiDER).
Interacting Dark Energy: Dark Scattering models (DAKAR2).
Modified Gravity: $f(R)$ gravity (Hu & Sawicki model) via DUSTGRAIN-PF.
Reference Models: $\Lambda$ CDM and $w$ CDM variants (RayGal, Complementary, Flagship 2).

B. Halo Identification

Tool: ROCKSTAR halo finder.
Mass Definition: To ensure model independence (avoiding biases in bound mass definitions for modified gravity), the authors used the Spherical Overdensity (SO) mass definition ( $M_{200,m}$ ) for all simulations, rather than the bound mass ( $M_{vir}$ ) used in the reference Flagship 2 (FS2) simulation.

C. Galaxy-Halo Connection (HOD)

Framework: Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD).
Model: A flexible, mass-dependent HOD model fitted to match the clustering of the Euclid Flagship 2 (FS2) spectroscopic sample (H $\alpha$ $α$ emitters at $z \in [0.9, 1.1]$ $z \in [0.9, 1.1]$ ).
- Centrals: Modeled with a log-normal to power-law transition.
- Satellites: Modeled with a power law, including "conformity" (dependence on central presence).
Density Profiles: Two profiles were tested for satellite placement:
1. Triaxial NFW profiles.
2. H $\alpha$ -fitted profiles (based on Reyes-Peraza et al. 2024).
Calibration: HOD parameters were optimized via $\chi^2$ minimization to match the real-space 2-point correlation function (2PCF) of the FS2 sample on scales $25 < s < 150 \, h^{-1}\text{Mpc}$ .

D. Clustering Analysis

Redshift Space: Galaxies were displaced along the line of sight using peculiar velocities.
Statistic: Multipoles ( $\ell=0, 2, 4$ ) of the 2PCF in redshift space.
Fitting Model: The VDG $\infty$ model (Velocity Difference Generator), implemented in the COMET emulator. This state-of-the-art model includes EFT counterterms, full infrared resummation, and massive neutrino support.
Template Fitting: The analysis fitted the multipoles to extract:
- $f\sigma_{12}$ : Linear growth rate $\times$ matter density (at 12 Mpc).
- $\alpha_{\parallel}, \alpha_{\perp}$ : Alcock-Paczynski (AP) distortion parameters.
- Nuisance parameters: Bias parameters ( $b_1, b_2, \dots$ ) and counterterms.
Scenarios:
1. Null Test: Template cosmology matches the simulation cosmology.
2. FS2 Template: Template uses the standard Euclid FS2 cosmology (Planck-like), while data comes from non-standard simulations.

3. Key Contributions

Public Data Release: The creation and public release (via CosmoHub) of galaxy catalogues for a diverse set of non-standard cosmological models, processed through a single, consistent pipeline.
Model-Agnostic Pipeline: Demonstration that a single HOD framework can successfully reproduce the clustering of target Euclid samples across vastly different underlying cosmologies (including modified gravity and interacting dark energy).
Robustness Test: A systematic assessment of the "template-fitting" method's sensitivity to the choice of fiducial cosmology.

4. Key Results

Parameter Recovery (Null Test): When the template matches the simulation cosmology, the pipeline recovers $f\sigma_{12}$ $f σ_{12}$ and AP parameters with high accuracy (mostly within 5%).
- Exception: The DUSTGRAIN-PF simulations (small box size, low particle count) showed larger scatter and bias, attributed to sample variance and resolution limits rather than the method itself.
Robustness to Template Mismatch:
- Growth Rate ( $f\sigma_{12}$ ): The estimation of $f\sigma_{12}$ proved highly robust to the choice of template. Even when using the FS2 template for simulations with significantly different cosmologies (e.g., RayGal WMAP-7yr cosmology), the recovered $f\sigma_{12}$ remained consistent with fiducial values within error bars.
- AP Parameters ( $\alpha$ ): While generally recovered close to unity, some deviations larger than the error bars were observed when using the "wrong" template. This suggests that the Gaussian approximation for the covariance matrix may be insufficient for capturing the full scatter in non-standard scenarios.
Profile Independence: The choice between NFW and H $\alpha$ density profiles for satellite placement did not introduce a consistent bias in parameter recovery, indicating that large-scale clustering is dominated by the 2-halo term and less sensitive to the specific density profile.
Scatter Analysis: A significant portion of the scatter in parameter inference arises even when using the correct cosmological template, implying that cosmic variance and the specific realization of the catalogue play a major role.

5. Significance and Future Outlook

Validation of Euclid Pipelines: The study confirms that the Euclid analysis pipeline is robust against a wide range of non-standard physics, provided the template is reasonably close to the truth.
Caveats on Covariance: The finding that deviations can exceed error bars when using mismatched templates highlights the need to further investigate non-Gaussian covariance effects in future analyses.
Limitations:
- Most simulations used cosmologies close to Planck/FS2; more "exotic" cosmologies with significantly different $\Omega_m$ are needed to fully stress-test the AP parameter recovery.
- Current simulations have limited resolution ( $m_p \ge 10^{10} h^{-1}M_\odot$ ) and volume, leading to shot noise issues.
Future Work: The authors recommend extending this work to high-resolution, large-volume simulations ( $L_{box} \ge 2 \, h^{-1}\text{Gpc}$ ) and incorporating light-cone effects to utilize full 3 $\times$ 2 point statistics (combining clustering with weak lensing).

In conclusion, this paper provides a critical infrastructure (catalogues and pipeline validation) for the Euclid mission, demonstrating that current galaxy clustering methods can effectively constrain non-standard cosmological models, though careful attention must be paid to covariance modeling and template selection.