⚛️ nuclear experiments

Modification of $\Upsilon$ production in $p$ O and OO collisions at LHCb

The LHCb collaboration measured $\Upsilon$ meson production in $p$ O and OO collisions, finding that while $p$ O collisions show only slight suppression, OO collisions exhibit significant suppression of excited states consistent with quark-gluon plasma formation and color screening effects.

Original authors: LHCb collaboration, R. Aaij, M. Abdelfatah, A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb, C. Abellan Beteta, F. Abudinén, T. Ackernley, A. A. Adefisoye, B. Adeva, M. Adinolfi, P. Adlarson, C. Agapopoulou, C. A. Aidala, S. LHCb collaboration, R. Aaij, M. Abdelfatah, A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb, C. Abellan Beteta, F. Abudinén, T. Ackernley, A. A. Adefisoye, B. Adeva, M. Adinolfi, P. Adlarson, C. Agapopoulou, C. A. Aidala, S. Akar, K. Akiba, H. Al Saleh, P. Albicocco, J. Albrecht, R. Aleksiejunas, F. Alessio, P. Alvarez Cartelle, S. Amato, J. L. Amey, Y. Amhis, Z. Amos, L. An, L. Anderlini, P. Andreola, M. Andreotti, S. Andres Estrada, A. Anelli, D. Ao, C. Arata, F. Archilli, Z. Areg, M. Argenton, S. Arguedas Cuendis, L. Arnone, M. Artuso, E. Aslanides, R. Ataíde Da Silva, M. Atzeni, B. Audurier, J. A. Authier, D. Bacher, I. Bachiller Perea, S. Bachmann, M. Bachmayer, J. J. Back, M. Bai, Z. B. Bai, V. Balagura, A. Balboni, W. Baldini, Z. Baldwin, L. Balzani, H. Bao, J. Baptista de Souza Leite, C. Barbero Pretel, M. Barbetti, I. R. Barbosa, W. Barker, R. J. Barlow, M. Barnyakov, S. Baron, S. Barsuk, W. Barter, J. Bartz, S. Bashir, B. Batsukh, P. B. Battista, A. Bavarchee, A. Bay, A. Beck, M. Becker, F. Bedeschi, I. B. Bediaga, N. A. Behling, S. Belin, A. Bellavista, I. Belyaev, G. Bencivenni, E. Ben-Haim, J. L. M. Berkey, R. Bernet, A. Bertolin, L. Bertsch, F. Betti, J. Bex, O. Bezshyyko, S. Bhattacharya, M. S. Bieker, N. V. Biesuz, A. Biolchini, M. Birch, F. C. R. Bishop, A. Bitadze, A. Bizzeti, T. Blake, F. Blanc, J. E. Blank, S. Blusk, J. A. Boelhauve, O. Boente Garcia, T. Boettcher, A. Bohare, C. Bolognani, R. B. Bonacci, A. Bordelius, F. Borgato, S. Borghi, M. Borsato, J. T. Borsuk, E. Bottalico, S. A. Bouchiba, M. Bovill, T. J. V. Bowcock, A. Boyer, C. Bozzi, J. D. Brandenburg, A. Brea Rodriguez, N. Breer, C. Breitfeld, J. Brodzicka, J. Brown, E. Buchanan, M. Burgos Marcos, C. Burr, E. Butera, C. Buti, J. S. Butter, J. Buytaert, W. Byczynski, S. Cadeddu, H. Cai, Y. Cai, Y. Cai, A. Caillet, R. Calabrese, L. Calefice, M. Calvi, M. Calvo Gomez, P. Camargo Magalhaes, J. I. Cambon Bouzas, P. Campana, A. Campomagnani, A. C. Campos, A. F. Campoverde Quezada, Y. Cao, S. Capelli, M. Caporale, L. Capriotti, R. Caravaca-Mora, A. Carbone, L. Carcedo Salgado, R. Cardinale, A. Cardini, P. Carniti, L. Carus, R. Caspary, G. Casse, M. Cattaneo, G. Cavallero, V. Cavallini, S. Celani, I. Celestino, S. Cesare, A. J. Chadwick, M. Charles, Ph. Charpentier, E. Chatzianagnostou, R. Cheaib, M. Chefdeville, C. Chen, J. Chen, S. Chen, Z. Chen, A. Chen Hu, M. Cherif, S. Chernyshenko, X. Chiotopoulos, G. Chizhik, V. Chobanova, A. Christakakis, M. Chrzaszcz, Y. Chu, V. Chulikov, P. Ciambrone, X. Cid Vidal, P. Cifra, P. E. L. Clarke, M. Clemencic, H. V. Cliff, J. Closier, C. Cocha Toapaxi, V. Coco, A. Codovini, C. Codovini, J. Cogan, E. Cogneras, L. Cojocariu, S. Collaviti, P. Collins, T. Colombo, M. Colonna, A. Comerma-Montells, L. Congedo, J. Connaughton, A. Contu, N. Cooke, A. Corallo, G. Cordova, C. Coronel, I. Corredoira, A. Correia, G. Corti, G. C. Costantino, C. Cotirlan, J. Cottee Meldrum, B. Couturier, D. C. Craik, N. Crepet, M. Cruz Torres, M. Cubero Campos, E. Curras Rivera, R. Currie, C. L. Da Silva, X. Dai, J. Dalseno, C. D'Ambrosio, G. Darze, A. Davidson, O. De Aguiar Francisco, C. De Angelis, F. De Benedetti, J. de Boer, K. De Bruyn, S. De Capua, M. De Cian, U. De Freitas Carneiro Da Graca, F. De Gregorio, E. De Lucia, J. M. De Miranda, L. De Paula, A. De Robertis, E. De Santis, M. De Serio, P. De Simone, F. De Vellis, J. A. de Vries, F. Debernardis, D. Decamp, S. Dekkers, L. Del Buono, B. Delaney, B. Demaire-Lepape, J. Deng, O. Deschamps, F. Dettori, B. Dey, P. Di Nezza, S. Ding, Y. Ding, L. Dittmann, J. F. Diverchy, A. D. Docheva, A. Doheny, C. Dong, F. Dordei, J. Dorta Moreno, A. C. dos Reis, J. Dos Santos Oliveira, A. D. Dowling, L. Dreyfus, W. Duan, P. Duda, L. Dufour, V. Duk, P. Durante, M. M. Duras, J. M. Durham, O. D. Durmus, K. Duwe, A. Dziurda, S. Easo, E. Eckstein, U. Egede, S. Eisenhardt, E. Ejopu, L. Eklund, M. Elashri, D. Elizondo Blanco, J. Ellbracht, S. Ely, A. Ene, T. Evans, F. Fabiano, S. Faghih, L. N. Falcao, B. Fang, R. Fantechi, L. Fantini, M. Faria, K. Farmer, F. Fassin, D. Fazzini, L. Felkowski, C. Feng, M. Feng, A. Fernandez Casani, M. Fernandez Gomez, B. Fernandez Rodino, J. Fernandez-John, A. D. Fernez, F. Ferrari, F. Ferreira Rodrigues, R. A. Fini, R. Fiorenza, M. Fiorini, M. Firlej, D. S. Fitzgerald, C. Fitzpatrick, T. Fiutowski, F. Fleuret, A. Fomin, M. Fontana, M. Fontes Vaz, L. A. Foreman, R. Forty, D. Foulds-Holt, V. Franco Lima, M. Franco Sevilla, M. Frank, E. Franzoso, G. Frau, C. Frei, D. A. Friday, J. Fu, Y. Fu, Q. Führing, T. Fulghesu, G. Galati, M. D. Galati, A. Gallas Torreira, D. Galli, S. Gambetta, M. Gandelman, P. Gandini, B. Ganie, H. Gao, R. Gao, T. Q. Gao, Y. Gao, Y. Gao, Y. Gao, L. M. Garcia Martin, P. Garcia Moreno, J. García Pardiñas, P. Gardner, L. Garrido, C. Gaspar, A. Gavrikov, J. George, E. Gersabeck, M. Gersabeck, T. Gershon, S. Ghizzo, Z. Ghorbanimoghaddam, F. I. Giasemis, V. Gibson, H. K. Giemza, A. L. Gilman, M. Giovannetti, A. Gioventù, L. Girardey, M. A. Giza, F. C. Glaser, V. V. Gligorov, C. Göbel, L. Golinka-Bezshyyko, E. Golobardes, A. Golutvin, S. Gomez Fernandez, A. G. Gomez Mongui, W. Gomulka, F. Goncalves Abrantes, I. Gonçales Vaz, M. Goncerz, G. Gong, S. Gong, J. A. Gooding, C. Gotti, E. Govorkova, J. P. Grabowski, L. A. Granado Cardoso, R. Grande Quartieri, E. Graugés, E. Graverini, L. Grazette, G. Graziani, A. T. Grecu, N. A. Grieser, L. Grillo, C. Gu, M. Guarise, L. Guerry, A. -K. Guseinov, Y. Guz, T. Gys, K. Habermann, T. Hadavizadeh, C. Hadjivasiliou, G. Haefeli, C. Haen, S. Haken, G. Hallett, P. M. Hamilton, Q. Han, S. Han, X. Han, S. Hansmann-Menzemer, N. Harnew, T. J. Harris, L. Hartman, M. Hartmann, S. Hashmi, J. He, N. Heatley, A. Hedes, F. Hemmer, C. Henderson, R. Henderson, R. D. L. Henderson, A. M. Hennequin, K. Hennessy, A. Henrot, J. Herd, P. Herrero Gascon, J. Heuel, A. Heyn, A. Hicheur, G. Hijano Mendizabal, J. Horswill, R. Hou, Y. Hou, D. C. Houston, N. Howarth, W. Hu, X. Hu, W. Hulsbergen, R. J. Hunter, D. Hutchcroft, M. Idzik, P. Ilten, A. Iohner, S. Jacevicius, H. Jage, S. J. Jaimes Elles, S. Jakobsen, T. Jakoubek, E. Jans, A. Jawahery, C. Jayaweera, A. Jelavic, V. Jevtic, Z. Jia, E. Jiang, X. Jiang, Y. Jiang, Y. J. Jiang, E. Jimenez Moya, N. Jindal, M. John, A. John Rubesh Rajan, D. Johnson, C. R. Jones, S. Joshi, B. Jost, J. Juan Castella, N. Jurik, I. Juszczak, K. Kalecinska, D. Kaminaris, S. Kandybei, M. Kane, Y. Kang, C. Kar, M. Karacson, A. Kauniskangas, J. W. Kautz, M. K. Kazanecki, F. Keizer, M. Kenzie, T. Ketel, B. Khanji, S. Kholodenko, V. Kholoimov, G. Khreich, F. Kiraz, T. Kirn, V. S. Kirsebom, N. Kleijne, A. Kleimenova, D. Klekots, K. Klimaszewski, M. R. Kmiec, T. Knospe, R. Kolb, S. Koliiev, L. Kolk, A. Konoplyannikov, P. Kopciewicz, P. Koppenburg, A. Korchin, I. Kostiuk, O. Kot, S. Kotriakhova, E. Kowalczyk, O. Kravcov, M. Kreps, W. Krupa, W. Krzemien, O. Kshyvanskyi, S. Kubis, M. Kucharczyk, A. Kupsc, A. Kurzina, V. Kushnir, B. Kutsenko, J. Kvapil, I. Kyryllin, D. Lacarrere, P. Laguarta Gonzalez, A. Lai, A. Lampis, D. Lancierini, C. Landesa Gomez, G. Lanfranchi, C. Langenbruch, T. Latham, F. Lazzari, C. Lazzeroni, R. Le Gac, H. Lee, R. Lefèvre, M. Lehuraux, E. Lemos Cid, O. Leroy, T. Lesiak, E. D. Lesser, B. Leverington, A. Li, C. Li, C. Li, H. Li, J. Li, K. Li, L. Li, L. Li, P. Li, P. -R. Li, Q. Li, T. Li, T. Li, W. Li, Y. Li, Y. Li, Y. Li, Z. Li, Z. Lian, Q. Liang, X. Liang, Z. Liang, S. Libralon, A. Lightbody, J. Lin, S. Lin, T. Lin, R. Lindner, H. Linton, R. Litvinov, D. Liu, F. L. Liu, G. Liu, K. Liu, S. Liu, W. Liu, X. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. L. Liu, G. Loachamin Ordonez, I. Lobo, A. Lobo Salvia, A. Loi, T. Long, F. C. L. Lopes, J. H. Lopes, A. Lopez Huertas, C. Lopez Iribarnegaray, Q. Lu, C. Lucarelli, D. Lucchesi, M. Lucio Martinez, Y. Luo, A. Lupato, M. Lupberger, E. Luppi, K. Lynch, J. Lyu, S. Lyu, X. -R. Lyu, H. Ma, S. Maccolini, F. Machefert, F. Maciuc, B. Mack, I. Mackay, L. M. Mackey, L. R. Madhan Mohan, M. J. Madurai, D. Magdalinski, J. J. Malczewski, S. Malde, L. Malentacca, G. Manca, C. Mancuso, R. Manera Escalero, A. Mangalasseri, F. M. Manganella, R. Mangrulkar, D. Manuzzi, S. Mao, D. Marangotto, J. F. Marchand, R. Marchevski, U. Marconi, L. Mareso, E. Mariani, S. Mariani, C. Marin Benito, J. Marks, A. M. Marshall, L. Martel, G. Martelli, G. Martellotti, L. Martinazzoli, M. Martinelli, C. Martinez, A. Martinez Armas, D. Martinez Gomez, D. Martinez Santos, F. Martinez Vidal, A. Martorell i Granollers, A. Massafferri, R. Matev, A. Mathad, C. Matteuzzi, K. R. Mattioli, L. Matzner, A. Mauri, E. Maurice, J. Mauricio, P. Mayencourt, J. Mazorra de Cos, M. Mazurek, D. Mazzanti Tarancon, M. McCann, N. T. McHugh, A. McNab, R. McNulty, B. Meadows, S. E. R. Medaer, D. Melnychuk, D. Mendoza Granada, P. Menendez Valdes Perez, F. M. Meng, M. Merk, A. Merli, L. Meyer Garcia, D. Miao, H. Miao, S. Mico, M. Mikhasenko, D. A. Milanes, A. Minotti, E. Minucci, B. Mitreska, D. S. Mitzel, R. Mocanu, A. Modak, L. Moeser, R. D. Moise, E. F. Molina Cardenas, T. Mombächer, M. Monk, T. Monnard, S. Monteil, A. Morcillo Gomez, G. Morello, M. J. Morello, M. P. Morgenthaler, A. Moro, J. Moron, W. Morren, A. B. Morris, A. G. Morris, R. Mountain, Z. Mu, N. Muangkod, E. Muhammad, F. Muheim, M. Mulder, K. Müller, F. Muñoz-Rojas, V. Mytrochenko, P. Naik, T. Nakada, R. Nandakumar, G. Napoletano, I. Nasteva, M. Needham, N. Neri, S. Neubert, N. Neufeld, J. Nicolini, D. Nicotra, E. M. Niel, L. Nisi, Q. Niu, B. K. Njoki, P. Nogarolli, P. Nogga, J. Nombela Royo, C. Normand, A. Novo Cal, J. Novoa Fernandez, G. Nowak, H. N. Nur, A. Oblakowska-Mucha, T. Oeser, O. Okhrimenko, R. Oldeman, F. Oliva, E. Olivart Pino, M. Olocco, R. H. O'Neil, J. S. Ordonez Soto, D. Osthues, J. M. Otalora Goicochea, P. Owen, A. Oyanguren, O. Ozcelik, F. Paciolla, A. Padee, K. O. Padeken, B. Pagare, T. Pajero, A. Palano, L. Palini, L. Palombini, M. Palutan, C. Pan, X. Pan, S. Panebianco, S. Paniskaki, L. Paolucci, A. Papanestis, M. Pappagallo, L. L. Pappalardo, C. Pappenheimer, C. Parkes, D. Parmar, G. Passaleva, D. Passaro, A. Pastore, M. Patel, J. Patoc, C. Patrignani, A. Paul, C. J. Pawley, A. Pellegrino, J. Peng, X. Peng, M. Pepe Altarelli, S. Perazzini, H. Pereira Da Costa, M. Pereira Martinez, A. Pereiro Castro, C. Perez, A. Perez Casas, P. Perret, A. Perrevoort, A. Perro, M. J. Peters, A. Petkovic, K. Petridis, A. Petrolini, S. Pezzulo, J. P. Pfaller, H. Pham, L. Pica, M. Piccini, L. Piccolo, B. Pietrzyk, R. N. Pilato, D. Pinci, F. Pisani, M. Pizzichemi, V. M. Placinta, M. Plo Casasus, T. Poeschl, F. Polci, M. Poli Lener, A. Poluektov, I. Polyakov, E. Polycarpo, S. Ponce, D. Popov, K. Popp, K. Prasanth, C. Prouve, D. Provenzano, V. Pugatch, A. Puicercus Gomez, G. Punzi, J. R. Pybus, Q. Qian, W. Qian, N. Qin, R. Quagliani, R. I. Rabadan Trejo, B. Rachwal, R. Racz, J. H. Rademacker, M. Rama, M. Ramírez García, V. Ramos De Oliveira, M. Ramos Pernas, G. Ramsey, M. S. Rangel, G. Raven, M. Rebollo De Miguel, F. Redi, J. Reich, F. Reiss, Z. Ren, P. K. Resmi, M. Ribalda Galvez, R. Ribatti, G. Ricart, D. Riccardi, S. Ricciardi, K. Richardson, M. Richardson-Slipper, F. Riehn, K. Rinnert, P. Robbe, G. Robertson, E. Rodrigues, A. Rodriguez Alvarez, E. Rodriguez Fernandez, J. A. Rodriguez Lopez, E. Rodriguez Rodriguez, J. Roensch, A. Rogovskiy, D. L. Rolf, P. Roloff, A. Romano, V. Romanovskiy, A. Romero Vidal, G. Romolini, F. Ronchetti, T. Rong, W. Rose, M. Rotondo, M. S. Rudolph, G. Ruggiero, M. Ruiz Diaz, J. Ruiz Vidal, J. Ruz Armendariz, J. J. Saavedra-Arias, J. J. Saborido Silva, D. Sahoo, N. Sahoo, B. Saitta, M. Salomoni, I. Sanderswood, R. Santacesaria, C. Santamarina Rios, M. Santimaria, L. Santoro, E. Santovetti, A. Saputi, A. Sarnatskiy, G. Sarpis, M. Sarpis, C. Satriano, A. Satta, M. Saur, H. Sazak, F. Sborzacchi, A. Scarabotto, S. Schael, S. Scherl, M. Schiller, H. Schindler, M. Schmelling, B. Schmidt, N. Schmidt, S. Schmitt, H. Schmitz, O. Schneider, A. Schopper, N. Schulte, H. Schumacher, M. H. Schune, G. Schwering, B. Sciascia, A. Sciuccati, G. Scriven, I. Segal, S. Sellam, M. Senghi Soares, A. Sergi, N. Serra, L. Sestini, B. Sevilla Sanjuan, Y. Shang, D. M. Shangase, R. S. Sharma, L. Shchutska, T. Shears, S. Shelton, J. Shen, Z. Shen, S. Sheng, B. Shi, J. Shi, Q. Shi, W. S. Shi, E. Shmanin, R. Silva Coutinho, G. Simi, S. Simone, M. Singha, I. Siral, N. Skidmore, T. Skwarnicki, M. W. Slater, E. Smith, M. Smith, L. Soares Lavra, M. D. Sokoloff, F. J. P. Soler, A. Solomin, K. Solovieva, N. S. Sommerfeld, R. Song, Y. Song, Y. Song, Y. S. Song, F. L. Souza De Almeida, G. Souza De Castro, B. Souza De Paula, K. M. Sowa, E. Spadaro Norella, E. Spedicato, J. G. Speer, P. Spradlin, F. Stagni, M. Stahl, S. Stahl, S. Stanislaus, M. Stefaniak, O. 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Published 2026-08-04

📖 4 min read🧠 Deep dive

CC BY 4.0

Original authors: LHCb collaboration, R. Aaij, M. Abdelfatah, A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb, C. Abellan Beteta, F. Abudinén, T. Ackernley, A. A. Adefisoye, B. Adeva, M. Adinolfi, P. Adlarson, C. Agapopoulou, C. A. Aidala, S. Akar, K. Akiba, H. Al Saleh, P. Albicocco, J. Albrecht, R. Aleksiejunas, F. Alessio, P. Alvarez Cartelle, S. Amato, J. L. Amey, Y. Amhis, Z. Amos, L. An, L. Anderlini, P. Andreola, M. Andreotti, S. Andres Estrada, A. Anelli, D. Ao, C. Arata, F. Archilli, Z. Areg, M. Argenton, S. Arguedas Cuendis, L. Arnone, M. Artuso, E. Aslanides, R. Ataíde Da Silva, M. Atzeni, B. Audurier, J. A. Authier, D. Bacher, I. Bachiller Perea, S. Bachmann, M. Bachmayer, J. J. Back, M. Bai, Z. B. Bai, V. Balagura, A. Balboni, W. Baldini, Z. Baldwin, L. Balzani, H. Bao, J. Baptista de Souza Leite, C. Barbero Pretel, M. Barbetti, I. R. Barbosa, W. Barker, R. J. Barlow, M. Barnyakov, S. Baron, S. Barsuk, W. Barter, J. Bartz, S. Bashir, B. Batsukh, P. B. Battista, A. Bavarchee, A. Bay, A. Beck, M. Becker, F. Bedeschi, I. B. Bediaga, N. A. Behling, S. Belin, A. Bellavista, I. Belyaev, G. Bencivenni, E. Ben-Haim, J. L. M. Berkey, R. Bernet, A. Bertolin, L. Bertsch, F. Betti, J. Bex, O. Bezshyyko, S. Bhattacharya, M. S. Bieker, N. V. Biesuz, A. Biolchini, M. Birch, F. C. R. Bishop, A. Bitadze, A. Bizzeti, T. Blake, F. Blanc, J. E. Blank, S. Blusk, J. A. Boelhauve, O. Boente Garcia, T. Boettcher, A. Bohare, C. Bolognani, R. B. Bonacci, A. Bordelius, F. Borgato, S. Borghi, M. Borsato, J. T. Borsuk, E. Bottalico, S. A. Bouchiba, M. Bovill, T. J. V. Bowcock, A. Boyer, C. Bozzi, J. D. Brandenburg, A. Brea Rodriguez, N. Breer, C. Breitfeld, J. Brodzicka, J. Brown, E. Buchanan, M. Burgos Marcos, C. Burr, E. Butera, C. Buti, J. S. Butter, J. Buytaert, W. Byczynski, S. Cadeddu, H. Cai, Y. Cai, Y. Cai, A. Caillet, R. Calabrese, L. Calefice, M. Calvi, M. Calvo Gomez, P. Camargo Magalhaes, J. I. Cambon Bouzas, P. Campana, A. Campomagnani, A. C. Campos, A. F. Campoverde Quezada, Y. Cao, S. Capelli, M. Caporale, L. Capriotti, R. Caravaca-Mora, A. Carbone, L. Carcedo Salgado, R. Cardinale, A. Cardini, P. Carniti, L. Carus, R. Caspary, G. Casse, M. Cattaneo, G. Cavallero, V. Cavallini, S. Celani, I. Celestino, S. Cesare, A. J. Chadwick, M. Charles, Ph. Charpentier, E. Chatzianagnostou, R. Cheaib, M. Chefdeville, C. Chen, J. Chen, S. Chen, Z. Chen, A. Chen Hu, M. Cherif, S. Chernyshenko, X. Chiotopoulos, G. Chizhik, V. Chobanova, A. Christakakis, M. Chrzaszcz, Y. Chu, V. Chulikov, P. Ciambrone, X. Cid Vidal, P. Cifra, P. E. L. Clarke, M. Clemencic, H. V. Cliff, J. Closier, C. Cocha Toapaxi, V. Coco, A. Codovini, C. Codovini, J. Cogan, E. Cogneras, L. Cojocariu, S. Collaviti, P. Collins, T. Colombo, M. Colonna, A. Comerma-Montells, L. Congedo, J. Connaughton, A. Contu, N. Cooke, A. Corallo, G. Cordova, C. Coronel, I. Corredoira, A. Correia, G. Corti, G. C. Costantino, C. Cotirlan, J. Cottee Meldrum, B. Couturier, D. C. Craik, N. Crepet, M. Cruz Torres, M. Cubero Campos, E. Curras Rivera, R. Currie, C. L. Da Silva, X. Dai, J. Dalseno, C. D'Ambrosio, G. Darze, A. Davidson, O. De Aguiar Francisco, C. De Angelis, F. De Benedetti, J. de Boer, K. De Bruyn, S. De Capua, M. De Cian, U. De Freitas Carneiro Da Graca, F. De Gregorio, E. De Lucia, J. M. De Miranda, L. De Paula, A. De Robertis, E. De Santis, M. De Serio, P. De Simone, F. De Vellis, J. A. de Vries, F. Debernardis, D. Decamp, S. Dekkers, L. Del Buono, B. Delaney, B. Demaire-Lepape, J. Deng, O. Deschamps, F. Dettori, B. Dey, P. Di Nezza, S. Ding, Y. Ding, L. Dittmann, J. F. Diverchy, A. D. Docheva, A. Doheny, C. Dong, F. Dordei, J. Dorta Moreno, A. C. dos Reis, J. Dos Santos Oliveira, A. D. Dowling, L. Dreyfus, W. Duan, P. Duda, L. Dufour, V. Duk, P. Durante, M. M. Duras, J. M. Durham, O. D. Durmus, K. Duwe, A. Dziurda, S. Easo, E. Eckstein, U. Egede, S. Eisenhardt, E. Ejopu, L. Eklund, M. Elashri, D. Elizondo Blanco, J. Ellbracht, S. Ely, A. Ene, T. Evans, F. Fabiano, S. Faghih, L. N. Falcao, B. Fang, R. Fantechi, L. Fantini, M. Faria, K. Farmer, F. Fassin, D. Fazzini, L. Felkowski, C. Feng, M. Feng, A. Fernandez Casani, M. Fernandez Gomez, B. Fernandez Rodino, J. Fernandez-John, A. D. Fernez, F. Ferrari, F. Ferreira Rodrigues, R. A. Fini, R. Fiorenza, M. Fiorini, M. Firlej, D. S. Fitzgerald, C. Fitzpatrick, T. Fiutowski, F. Fleuret, A. Fomin, M. Fontana, M. Fontes Vaz, L. A. Foreman, R. Forty, D. Foulds-Holt, V. Franco Lima, M. Franco Sevilla, M. Frank, E. Franzoso, G. Frau, C. Frei, D. A. Friday, J. Fu, Y. Fu, Q. Führing, T. Fulghesu, G. Galati, M. D. Galati, A. Gallas Torreira, D. Galli, S. Gambetta, M. Gandelman, P. Gandini, B. Ganie, H. Gao, R. Gao, T. Q. Gao, Y. Gao, Y. Gao, Y. Gao, L. M. Garcia Martin, P. Garcia Moreno, J. García Pardiñas, P. Gardner, L. Garrido, C. Gaspar, A. Gavrikov, J. George, E. Gersabeck, M. Gersabeck, T. Gershon, S. Ghizzo, Z. Ghorbanimoghaddam, F. I. Giasemis, V. Gibson, H. K. Giemza, A. L. Gilman, M. Giovannetti, A. Gioventù, L. Girardey, M. A. Giza, F. C. Glaser, V. V. Gligorov, C. Göbel, L. Golinka-Bezshyyko, E. Golobardes, A. Golutvin, S. Gomez Fernandez, A. G. Gomez Mongui, W. Gomulka, F. Goncalves Abrantes, I. Gonçales Vaz, M. Goncerz, G. Gong, S. Gong, J. A. Gooding, C. Gotti, E. Govorkova, J. P. Grabowski, L. A. Granado Cardoso, R. Grande Quartieri, E. Graugés, E. Graverini, L. Grazette, G. Graziani, A. T. Grecu, N. A. Grieser, L. Grillo, C. Gu, M. Guarise, L. Guerry, A. -K. Guseinov, Y. Guz, T. Gys, K. Habermann, T. Hadavizadeh, C. Hadjivasiliou, G. Haefeli, C. Haen, S. Haken, G. Hallett, P. M. Hamilton, Q. Han, S. Han, X. Han, S. Hansmann-Menzemer, N. Harnew, T. J. Harris, L. Hartman, M. Hartmann, S. Hashmi, J. He, N. Heatley, A. Hedes, F. Hemmer, C. Henderson, R. Henderson, R. D. L. Henderson, A. M. Hennequin, K. Hennessy, A. Henrot, J. Herd, P. Herrero Gascon, J. Heuel, A. Heyn, A. Hicheur, G. Hijano Mendizabal, J. Horswill, R. Hou, Y. Hou, D. C. Houston, N. Howarth, W. Hu, X. Hu, W. Hulsbergen, R. J. Hunter, D. Hutchcroft, M. Idzik, P. Ilten, A. Iohner, S. Jacevicius, H. Jage, S. J. Jaimes Elles, S. Jakobsen, T. Jakoubek, E. Jans, A. Jawahery, C. Jayaweera, A. Jelavic, V. Jevtic, Z. Jia, E. Jiang, X. Jiang, Y. Jiang, Y. J. Jiang, E. Jimenez Moya, N. Jindal, M. John, A. John Rubesh Rajan, D. Johnson, C. R. Jones, S. Joshi, B. Jost, J. Juan Castella, N. Jurik, I. Juszczak, K. Kalecinska, D. Kaminaris, S. Kandybei, M. Kane, Y. Kang, C. Kar, M. Karacson, A. Kauniskangas, J. W. Kautz, M. K. Kazanecki, F. Keizer, M. Kenzie, T. Ketel, B. Khanji, S. Kholodenko, V. Kholoimov, G. Khreich, F. Kiraz, T. Kirn, V. S. Kirsebom, N. Kleijne, A. Kleimenova, D. Klekots, K. Klimaszewski, M. R. Kmiec, T. Knospe, R. Kolb, S. Koliiev, L. Kolk, A. Konoplyannikov, P. Kopciewicz, P. Koppenburg, A. Korchin, I. Kostiuk, O. Kot, S. Kotriakhova, E. Kowalczyk, O. Kravcov, M. Kreps, W. Krupa, W. Krzemien, O. Kshyvanskyi, S. Kubis, M. Kucharczyk, A. Kupsc, A. Kurzina, V. Kushnir, B. Kutsenko, J. Kvapil, I. Kyryllin, D. Lacarrere, P. Laguarta Gonzalez, A. Lai, A. Lampis, D. Lancierini, C. Landesa Gomez, G. Lanfranchi, C. Langenbruch, T. Latham, F. Lazzari, C. Lazzeroni, R. Le Gac, H. Lee, R. Lefèvre, M. Lehuraux, E. Lemos Cid, O. Leroy, T. Lesiak, E. D. Lesser, B. Leverington, A. Li, C. Li, C. Li, H. Li, J. Li, K. Li, L. Li, L. Li, P. Li, P. -R. Li, Q. Li, T. Li, T. Li, W. Li, Y. Li, Y. Li, Y. Li, Z. Li, Z. Lian, Q. Liang, X. Liang, Z. Liang, S. Libralon, A. Lightbody, J. Lin, S. Lin, T. Lin, R. Lindner, H. Linton, R. Litvinov, D. Liu, F. L. Liu, G. Liu, K. Liu, S. Liu, W. Liu, X. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. L. Liu, G. Loachamin Ordonez, I. Lobo, A. Lobo Salvia, A. Loi, T. Long, F. C. L. Lopes, J. H. Lopes, A. Lopez Huertas, C. Lopez Iribarnegaray, Q. Lu, C. Lucarelli, D. Lucchesi, M. Lucio Martinez, Y. Luo, A. Lupato, M. Lupberger, E. Luppi, K. Lynch, J. Lyu, S. Lyu, X. -R. Lyu, H. Ma, S. Maccolini, F. Machefert, F. Maciuc, B. Mack, I. Mackay, L. M. Mackey, L. R. Madhan Mohan, M. J. Madurai, D. Magdalinski, J. J. Malczewski, S. Malde, L. Malentacca, G. Manca, C. Mancuso, R. Manera Escalero, A. Mangalasseri, F. M. Manganella, R. Mangrulkar, D. Manuzzi, S. Mao, D. Marangotto, J. F. Marchand, R. Marchevski, U. Marconi, L. Mareso, E. Mariani, S. Mariani, C. Marin Benito, J. Marks, A. M. Marshall, L. Martel, G. Martelli, G. Martellotti, L. Martinazzoli, M. Martinelli, C. Martinez, A. Martinez Armas, D. Martinez Gomez, D. Martinez Santos, F. Martinez Vidal, A. Martorell i Granollers, A. Massafferri, R. Matev, A. Mathad, C. Matteuzzi, K. R. Mattioli, L. Matzner, A. Mauri, E. Maurice, J. Mauricio, P. Mayencourt, J. Mazorra de Cos, M. Mazurek, D. Mazzanti Tarancon, M. McCann, N. T. McHugh, A. McNab, R. McNulty, B. Meadows, S. E. R. Medaer, D. Melnychuk, D. Mendoza Granada, P. Menendez Valdes Perez, F. M. Meng, M. Merk, A. Merli, L. Meyer Garcia, D. Miao, H. Miao, S. Mico, M. Mikhasenko, D. A. Milanes, A. Minotti, E. Minucci, B. Mitreska, D. S. Mitzel, R. Mocanu, A. Modak, L. Moeser, R. D. Moise, E. F. Molina Cardenas, T. Mombächer, M. Monk, T. Monnard, S. Monteil, A. Morcillo Gomez, G. Morello, M. J. Morello, M. P. Morgenthaler, A. Moro, J. Moron, W. Morren, A. B. Morris, A. G. Morris, R. Mountain, Z. Mu, N. Muangkod, E. Muhammad, F. Muheim, M. Mulder, K. Müller, F. Muñoz-Rojas, V. Mytrochenko, P. Naik, T. Nakada, R. Nandakumar, G. Napoletano, I. Nasteva, M. Needham, N. Neri, S. Neubert, N. Neufeld, J. Nicolini, D. Nicotra, E. M. Niel, L. Nisi, Q. Niu, B. K. Njoki, P. Nogarolli, P. Nogga, J. Nombela Royo, C. Normand, A. Novo Cal, J. Novoa Fernandez, G. Nowak, H. N. Nur, A. Oblakowska-Mucha, T. Oeser, O. Okhrimenko, R. Oldeman, F. Oliva, E. Olivart Pino, M. Olocco, R. H. O'Neil, J. S. Ordonez Soto, D. Osthues, J. M. Otalora Goicochea, P. Owen, A. Oyanguren, O. Ozcelik, F. Paciolla, A. Padee, K. O. Padeken, B. Pagare, T. Pajero, A. Palano, L. Palini, L. Palombini, M. Palutan, C. Pan, X. Pan, S. Panebianco, S. Paniskaki, L. Paolucci, A. 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Original paper licensed under CC BY 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). ✨ This is an AI-generated explanation of the paper below. It is not written or endorsed by the authors. For technical accuracy, refer to the original paper. Read full disclaimer

Imagine the universe as a giant, cosmic kitchen where the most extreme cooking experiments take place. In this kitchen, scientists smash tiny particles together at speeds close to the speed of light. The goal? To recreate the conditions that existed just a fraction of a second after the Big Bang, when the universe was so hot and dense that normal matter couldn't exist. Under these scorching conditions, protons and neutrons—the building blocks of atoms—melt down into a soupy, chaotic mixture of their smaller parts: quarks and gluons. This super-hot, super-dense soup is called a "quark-gluon plasma" (QGP). Think of it like a crowd of people at a concert so packed that you can't tell who is holding hands with whom; everyone is free to move around wildly.

To study this soup, physicists use special "thermometers" made of heavy particles called bottomonium. These are like tiny, heavy couples (a bottom quark and its partner) that usually hold hands very tightly. However, if you throw them into the hot QGP soup, the heat gets so intense that it breaks their grip, separating the couple. By watching how many of these couples survive the crash, scientists can tell how hot and dense the soup is. For a long time, we knew this happened in massive collisions, like smashing two heavy lead atoms together. But a big question remained: could this "soup" form in much smaller collisions, like smashing a single proton into a nucleus, or even two light oxygen atoms? If the soup forms in these tiny systems, it would change our understanding of how the universe behaves at its smallest scales.

This paper, written by the LHCb collaboration at CERN, dives into exactly that question. They took data from three different types of particle crashes: proton-proton (the baseline, like two billiard balls hitting), proton-oxygen (a small nucleus hit by a proton), and oxygen-oxygen (two light nuclei smashing together). They looked specifically at the "bottomonium" couples in three different states of excitement: the calm ground state (Υ(1S)), a slightly excited state (Υ(2S)), and a highly excited, wobbly state (Υ(3S)). The excited states are like couples holding hands loosely; they are much easier to break apart than the calm ones.

The team measured how often these excited couples survived compared to the calm ones in each type of crash. In the proton-proton collisions, the ratio of excited to calm couples was steady and matched what they had seen before at other energies. This served as their control group, showing how these particles behave when there is no "soup" to disrupt them.

When they looked at the proton-oxygen collisions, they found a tiny hint of trouble. The excited couples were slightly harder to find than expected, suggesting that the oxygen nucleus might be causing some minor "cold" disruptions (like a crowded hallway bumping into them) even without a hot soup forming. However, the data wasn't strong enough to say for sure if this was a real effect or just a statistical fluke.

The real story, however, came from the oxygen-oxygen collisions. Here, the results were dramatic. The excited Υ(2S) couples were suppressed by a factor of about two—meaning only half as many survived compared to the calm ones. The highly excited Υ(3S) couples showed evidence of being suppressed as well. This is a massive difference compared to the proton-oxygen results. The authors explain that this strong suppression is too big to be caused just by the "cold" effects of the nucleus; it points to the formation of a hot, deconfined quark-gluon plasma, even in this relatively small collision system.

To make sure this wasn't a fluke, the researchers compared their findings to two advanced computer models. One model, the KSU-Munich, and another, the TAMU-NP, both included the physics of a quark-gluon plasma. Both models successfully predicted the strong suppression seen in the oxygen-oxygen data. The paper concludes that while the small proton-oxygen system showed only a whisper of change, the oxygen-oxygen system shouted a clear signal: a quark-gluon plasma is likely forming in these smaller collisions, breaking apart the excited heavy quark couples just as it does in the massive lead collisions. This suggests that the "soup" of the early universe might be easier to create in smaller, lighter collisions than previously thought.

Technical Summary: Modification of $\Upsilon$ Production in pO and OO Collisions at LHCb

Problem and Motivation
The formation of a quark-gluon plasma (QGP), a deconfined state of matter where quarks and gluons are not confined within hadrons, is a central goal of high-energy nuclear physics. A primary signature of QGP formation is the suppression of quarkonium states (bound heavy quark-antiquark pairs) due to color screening, which weakens the binding potential between the heavy quarks. While sequential suppression of $\Upsilon(nS)$ states ( $\Upsilon(1S)$ , $\Upsilon(2S)$ , $\Upsilon(3S)$ ) has been well-established in large collision systems like PbPb, the interplay between QGP effects and Cold Nuclear Matter (CNM) effects (such as nuclear parton distribution modifications and energy loss) in smaller systems remains less understood.

Recent runs at the LHC have introduced collisions of lighter ions, specifically Oxygen-Oxygen (OO) and Proton-Oxygen (pO), providing a unique testing ground to constrain CNM effects and search for the onset of QGP formation in smaller collision volumes. While collective effects and parton energy loss have been observed in OO collisions, the specific behavior of bottomonium states in these systems, particularly relative to proton-proton (pp) baselines, had not been fully explored regarding the interplay of suppression mechanisms.

Methodology
The LHCb collaboration measured the production rates of $\Upsilon(2S)$ and $\Upsilon(3S)$ mesons relative to the ground state $\Upsilon(1S)$ in three collision systems: pp, pO, and OO.

Data Samples: The analysis utilized data recorded during Run 3. The pp and OO datasets were collected at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon of $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 5.36$ TeV, with integrated luminosities of approximately 230 pb $^{-1}$ and 5.5 nb $^{-1}$ , respectively. The pO dataset was collected at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 9.62$ TeV with a luminosity of roughly 33 nb $^{-1}$ .
Reconstruction: The $\Upsilon$ states were reconstructed via their dimuon decay channel ( $\Upsilon(nS) \to \mu^+\mu^-$ ) within the LHCb forward spectrometer acceptance ( $2 < \eta < 5$ ).
Analysis Technique: Invariant mass spectra ( $M_{\mu^+\mu^-}$ ) were fitted using an extended binned maximum-likelihood method. Signal distributions were modeled with Crystal Ball functions, while backgrounds were described by an exponential function. The mass differences and widths of the $\Upsilon$ states were constrained using known values and simulation scaling.
Efficiency Corrections: The ratio of production cross-sections was corrected for detector acceptance, trigger, reconstruction, and particle identification efficiencies. Simulation (Pythia for pp, EPOS for pO/OO) was used to model these efficiencies, with systematic uncertainties derived from comparisons with data-driven methods (e.g., tag-and-probe) and variations in kinematic distributions.
Comparative Metrics: The study presented ratios of cross-sections times branching fractions ( $\sigma_{\Upsilon(nS)}/\sigma_{\Upsilon(1S)} \times \mathcal{B}$ ) and calculated "double ratios" relative to the pp baseline to isolate medium effects.

Key Contributions and Results

pp Baseline Consistency: The measured ratios of $\Upsilon(2S)/\Upsilon(1S)$ and $\Upsilon(3S)/\Upsilon(1S)$ in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 5.36$ TeV are consistent with previous LHCb measurements at higher energies (7, 8, and 13 TeV). The weighted averages are $0.2527 \pm 0.0025$ and $0.1220 \pm 0.0013$ , respectively, confirming the stability of these ratios across the measured energy range.
pO Collision Results: In pO collisions, a slight relative suppression of the $\Upsilon(2S)$ and $\Upsilon(3S)$ states compared to pp was observed. However, the statistical uncertainties in the pO data were too large to draw firm conclusions regarding the magnitude of CNM effects.
OO Collision Results: A significant suppression was observed in OO collisions:
- The $\Upsilon(2S)/\Upsilon(1S)$ ratio was suppressed by a factor of approximately 2 relative to pp data. This suppression is significantly larger than that observed in pO collisions, suggesting mechanisms beyond CNM effects are active.
- The $\Upsilon(3S)/\Upsilon(1S)$ ratio was also suppressed relative to pp by a factor of about two; however, this value is consistent with the suppression seen in pO collisions within uncertainties. Despite this, the ratio differs from unity by $\sim 3.5$ standard deviations, providing evidence for suppression of the $\Upsilon(3S)$ state in OO collisions.
Model Comparison: The observed suppression patterns in OO collisions were compared to two theoretical models: the KSU-Munich model (an open quantum-system approach solving the Lindblad equation) and the TAMU-NP model (a semiclassical transport model). Both models, which incorporate CNM effects and bottomonia interactions with a deconfined QGP, successfully describe the measured ratios.
Double Ratios: The double ratios (ion/pp) for $\Upsilon(2S)/\Upsilon(1S)$ in OO collisions differ from unity by approximately 4.8 standard deviations, indicating significant suppression. The $\Upsilon(3S)/\Upsilon(1S)$ double ratio also shows suppression across all systems, consistent with an interplay of CNM and QGP effects.

Significance
The paper claims that the significant suppression of $\Upsilon(2S)$ and $\Upsilon(3S)$ states in OO collisions, contrasted with the minimal effect in pO collisions, provides new evidence for the emergence of additional suppression mechanisms in the relatively small OO collision system. The authors conclude that these mechanisms are consistent with the formation of a quark-gluon plasma in OO collisions. The results demonstrate that the suppression hierarchy (where excited states are more suppressed than the ground state) observed in large PbPb systems also manifests in smaller OO systems, supporting the hypothesis that QGP formation can occur in light-ion collisions. The data are well-described by models incorporating QGP formation, highlighting the interplay between cold nuclear matter effects and color screening in a deconfined medium.

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