New measurements of Bc+ decays into single charm final states
Using 9 fb⁻¹ of proton-proton collision data from the LHCb experiment, this study reports the first observation of Bc+→D+K∗0 decays, provides evidence for Bc+→D∗0K+ and Bs+→Ds+ϕ decays, improves the precision of the Bc+→D0K+ measurement, and sets an upper limit on the Bc+→D0π+ channel, while also measuring a CP asymmetry compatible with zero in the D0K+ mode.
Original authors: LHCb collaboration, R. Aaij, A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb, C. Abellan Beteta, F. Abudinén, T. Ackernley, A. A. Adefisoye, B. Adeva, M. Adinolfi, P. Adlarson, C. Agapopoulou, C. A. Aidala, Z. Ajaltouni, S. Akar, K. Akiba, P. Albicocco, J. Albrecht, F. Alessio, Z. Aliouche, P. Alvarez Cartelle, R. Amalric, S. Amato, J. L. Amey, Y. Amhis, L. An, L. Anderlini, M. Andersson, A. Andreianov, P. Andreola, M. Andreotti, D. Andreou, A. Anelli, D. Ao, F. Archilli, M. Argenton, S. Arguedas Cuendis, A. Artamonov, M. Artuso, E. Aslanides, R. Ataíde Da Silva, M. Atzeni, B. Audurier, D. Bacher, I. Bachiller Perea, S. Bachmann, M. Bachmayer, J. J. Back, P. Baladron Rodriguez, V. Balagura, A. Balboni, W. Baldini, L. Balzani, H. Bao, J. Baptista de Souza Leite, C. Barbero Pretel, M. Barbetti, I. R. Barbosa, R. J. Barlow, M. Barnyakov, S. Barsuk, W. Barter, M. Bartolini, J. Bartz, J. M. Basels, S. Bashir, G. Bassi, B. Batsukh, P. B. Battista, A. Bay, A. Beck, M. Becker, F. Bedeschi, I. B. Bediaga, N. A. Behling, S. Belin, K. Belous, I. Belov, I. Belyaev, G. Benane, G. Bencivenni, E. Ben-Haim, A. Berezhnoy, R. Bernet, S. Bernet Andres, A. Bertolin, C. Betancourt, F. Betti, J. Bex, Ia. Bezshyiko, J. Bhom, M. S. Bieker, N. V. Biesuz, P. Billoir, A. Biolchini, M. Birch, F. C. R. Bishop, A. Bitadze, A. Bizzeti, T. Blake, F. Blanc, J. E. Blank, S. Blusk, V. Bocharnikov, J. A. Boelhauve, O. Boente Garcia, T. Boettcher, A. Bohare, A. Boldyrev, C. Bolognani, R. Bolzonella, R. B. Bonacci, N. Bondar, A. Bordelius, F. Borgato, S. Borghi, M. Borsato, J. T. Borsuk, S. A. Bouchiba, M. Bovill, T. J. V. Bowcock, A. Boyer, C. Bozzi, A. Brea Rodriguez, N. Breer, J. Brodzicka, A. Brossa Gonzalo, J. Brown, D. Brundu, E. Buchanan, A. Buonaura, L. Buonincontri, A. T. Burke, C. Burr, J. S. Butter, J. Buytaert, W. Byczynski, S. Cadeddu, H. Cai, A. Caillet, R. Calabrese, S. Calderon Ramirez, L. Calefice, S. Cali, M. Calvi, M. Calvo Gomez, P. Camargo Magalhaes, J. I. Cambon Bouzas, P. Campana, D. H. Campora Perez, A. F. Campoverde Quezada, S. Capelli, L. Capriotti, R. Caravaca-Mora, A. Carbone, L. Carcedo Salgado, R. Cardinale, A. Cardini, P. Carniti, L. Carus, A. Casais Vidal, R. Caspary, G. Casse, M. Cattaneo, G. Cavallero, V. Cavallini, S. Celani, D. Cervenkov, S. Cesare, A. J. Chadwick, I. Chahrour, M. Charles, Ph. Charpentier, E. Chatzianagnostou, M. Chefdeville, C. Chen, S. Chen, Z. Chen, A. Chernov, S. Chernyshenko, X. Chiotopoulos, V. Chobanova, S. Cholak, M. Chrzaszcz, A. Chubykin, V. Chulikov, P. Ciambrone, X. Cid Vidal, G. Ciezarek, P. Cifra, P. E. L. Clarke, M. Clemencic, H. V. Cliff, J. Closier, C. Cocha Toapaxi, V. Coco, J. Cogan, E. Cogneras, L. Cojocariu, S. Collaviti, P. Collins, T. Colombo, M. Colonna, A. Comerma-Montells, L. Congedo, A. Contu, N. Cooke, I. Corredoira, A. Correia, G. Corti, J. Cottee Meldrum, B. Couturier, D. C. Craik, M. Cruz Torres, E. Curras Rivera, R. Currie, C. L. Da Silva, S. Dadabaev, L. Dai, X. Dai, E. Dall'Occo, J. 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Original paper licensed under CC BY 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). ✨ This is an AI-generated explanation of the paper below. It is not written or endorsed by the authors. For technical accuracy, refer to the original paper. Read full disclaimer
Imagine the universe as a giant, high-speed particle collider, a place where tiny building blocks of matter smash together at nearly the speed of light. Inside this chaotic dance, physicists hunt for rare and exotic creatures called mesons. Most of these particles are like ordinary couples, made of one heavy quark and one light quark. But there is one special, rare meson called the Bc+ (pronounced "B-sub-c-plus"). It's the only one of its kind, a unique partnership made of two heavy quarks of different flavors. Think of it as the "unicorn" of the particle world. Because it's so heavy and made of two heavy ingredients, it's incredibly hard to make and it disappears (decays) very quickly—three times faster than its lighter cousins. Scientists are obsessed with watching how it falls apart because the way it decays holds clues to the fundamental forces that govern our universe. Specifically, they are looking for a mysterious process called "weak annihilation," where the two heavy partners destroy each other and create new particles from pure energy, rather than just one of them changing into something else.
This new paper from the LHCb collaboration at CERN is like a high-stakes treasure hunt. The team took a massive amount of data—corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9 fb−1 collected from proton collisions—and sifted through it to find specific ways the Bc+ meson decays into a pair of particles: one containing a "charm" quark and one that doesn't (a "charmless" meson). They were looking for five specific combinations of these decay products. The results are a mix of exciting discoveries and tight limits. They successfully spotted the Bc+ decaying into a D+ and a K∗0 meson for the very first time, finding a product of branching fraction and fragmentation ratio of (1.42±0.23±0.07±0.11)×10−6. They also found strong evidence for two other decays: Bc+→D∗0K+ with a value of (1.46±0.30±0.11±0.05)×10−6, and Bc+→Ds+ϕ with a value of (4.0±1.3±0.2±0.5)×10−7. They also improved the precision of a previous measurement for Bc+→D0K+, finding it to be (9.7±1.0±0.4±0.3)×10−7.
However, not every search turned up a treasure. When they looked for the decay Bc+→D0π+, they found no signal at all. Instead of a discovery, they set a strict upper limit, saying that if this decay happens, it must be incredibly rare, with a value less than 1.4×10−7 at a 95% confidence level. This absence is actually a huge clue; it suggests that the "weak annihilation" process is the dominant force at work here, rather than a different mechanism involving a change of quark flavor. The team also checked if the universe treats matter and antimatter differently in these decays (a concept called CP violation) by looking at the Bc+→D0K+ decay. They found the asymmetry to be compatible with zero, meaning matter and antimatter behave the same way in this specific scenario. Overall, the paper confirms that these rare decays happen much more often than simple theories predicted, strongly supporting the idea that the two heavy quarks in the Bc+ meson are indeed annihilating each other to create these new particle pairs.
Technical Summary: New measurements of Bc+ decays into single charm final states
Problem and Motivation
The Bc+ meson is unique as the only ground-state meson composed of two heavy quarks of different flavors. Unlike lighter B mesons, where b-quark tree-level W-emission decays dominate, the Bc+ decay width is governed significantly by c-quark transitions and weak annihilation processes. Specifically, tree-level W-emission decays account for only ∼30% of the width, while around 60% is due to c-quark transitions. The remaining ∼10% of the decay rate is dominated by weak annihilation, while b→u transitions are expected to be sub-dominant. While the decay Bc+→D0K+ has been observed, providing evidence for weak annihilation, the mechanism requires further validation. Theoretical models suggest that if weak annihilation is the dominant driver, decays involving the hadronization of ddˉ or ssˉ pairs (resulting in D+K∗0, D∗0K+, and Ds+ϕ) should occur at rates comparable to the D0K+ mode. Conversely, the Bc+→D0π+ mode, which relies more heavily on the suppressed b→u transition, is expected to have a significantly lower rate. This paper addresses the need to search for these related single-charm final states to confirm the dominance of weak annihilation and to improve the precision of existing measurements.
Methodology
The analysis utilizes proton-proton collision data collected by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9 fb−1 (3 fb−1 at s=7 and 8 TeV, and 6 fb−1 at s=13 TeV). The study focuses on five observables, RDX, defined as the product of the fragmentation fraction ratio (fc/fu) and the branching fraction B(Bc+→DX), where D is a charm meson and X is a charmless meson.
The measurement strategy employs a relative normalization technique to minimize systematic uncertainties. Signal yields for Bc+→D+K∗0, Bc+→Ds+ϕ, Bc+→D∗0K+, Bc+→D0K+, and Bc+→D0π+ are extracted and normalized against more abundant B+ decay modes (B+→D+D0 and B+→D0π+) reconstructed in similar final states.
Key procedural steps include:
- Selection: Events are selected using hardware and software triggers requiring displaced secondary vertices. A Boosted Decision Tree (BDT) classifier is trained to suppress combinatorial background, utilizing kinematic variables, vertex fit qualities, and particle identification (PID) information.
- Efficiency Correction: Selection efficiencies are determined from simulated samples, corrected for data-simulation differences using a data-driven method for trigger efficiency. The short lifetime of the Bc+ meson (approx. 3 times shorter than B+) necessitates careful treatment of displaced-vertex selection efficiencies.
- Yield Extraction: Signal and normalization yields are extracted via unbinned maximum-likelihood fits to the invariant-mass distributions of Bc+ and B+ candidates. Signal shapes are modeled using Crystal Ball functions, while partially reconstructed decays (e.g., those with unreconstructed π0 or γ) are modeled using parametric PDFs.
- CP Asymmetry: A simultaneous fit to Bc+ and Bc− candidates is performed for the Bc+→D0K+ channel to measure direct CP violation.
Key Contributions and Results
The paper reports the first observation of the Bc+→D+K∗0 decay and provides clear evidence for the quasi-two-body modes Bc+→D∗0K+ and Bc+→Ds+ϕ. The Bc+→D0K+ measurement is updated with improved precision, while the Bc+→D0π+ mode remains unobserved.
The measured RDX values (with statistical, systematic, and external uncertainties) are:
- RD+K∗0=(1.42±0.23±0.07±0.11)×10−6 (First Observation)
- RD∗0K+=(1.46±0.30±0.11±0.05)×10−6 (Clear Evidence)
- RDs+ϕ=(4.0±1.3±0.2±0.5)×10−7 (Clear Evidence)
- RD0K+=(9.7±1.0±0.4±0.3)×10−7 (Improved Precision)
- RD0π+<1.4×10−7 at 95% Confidence Level (Upper Limit)
Additionally, the direct CP asymmetry in Bc+→D0K+ is measured as ACP=0.07±0.10±0.03, consistent with zero.
Significance
The results corroborate the hypothesis that weak annihilation dominates single-charm Bc+ decays. The observation of Bc+→D+K∗0 and Bc+→D∗0K+ at rates comparable to Bc+→D0K+ supports the expectation that hadronization into ddˉ and ssˉ pairs proceeds with similar probabilities. The non-observation of Bc+→D0π+ confirms the sub-dominance of the b→u transition amplitude.
The derived branching fractions are approximately two orders of magnitude higher than expectations based solely on W-emission and penguin amplitudes, reinforcing the conclusion that weak annihilation is the primary mechanism for these decays. The vector meson final states (D∗0K+ and D+K∗0) are found to be roughly 1.5 times more likely than the D0K+ mode, a pattern consistent with observations in B+→D(∗)K(∗) decays. This work significantly advances the understanding of Bc+ decay dynamics and the role of weak annihilation in heavy-flavor physics.
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