Improved measurement of CP violation in Bs0→J/ψπ+π− decays
Using LHCb data from 2015–2018, this paper presents an improved measurement of the CP-violating phase ϕs and related parameters in Bs0→J/ψπ+π− decays, yielding results consistent with the Standard Model and refining the global average to ϕs=−0.041±0.017rad.
Original authors: LHCb collaboration, R. Aaij, M. Abdelfatah, A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb, C. Abellan Beteta, F. Abudinén, T. Ackernley, A. A. Adefisoye, B. Adeva, M. Adinolfi, P. Adlarson, C. Agapopoulou, C. A. Aidala, S. Akar, K. Akiba, H. Al Saleh, P. Albicocco, J. Albrecht, R. Aleksiejunas, F. Alessio, P. Alvarez Cartelle, S. Amato, J. L. Amey, Y. Amhis, L. An, L. Anderlini, M. Andersson, P. Andreola, M. Andreotti, S. Andres Estrada, A. Anelli, D. Ao, C. Arata, F. Archilli, Z. Areg, M. Argenton, S. Arguedas Cuendis, L. Arnone, M. Artuso, E. Aslanides, R. Ataíde Da Silva, M. Atzeni, B. Audurier, J. A. Authier, D. Bacher, I. Bachiller Perea, S. Bachmann, M. Bachmayer, J. J. Back, Z. B. Bai, V. Balagura, A. Balboni, W. Baldini, Z. Baldwin, L. Balzani, H. Bao, J. Baptista de Souza Leite, C. Barbero Pretel, M. Barbetti, I. R. Barbosa, R. J. Barlow, M. Barnyakov, S. Baron, S. Barsuk, W. Barter, J. Bartz, S. Bashir, B. Batsukh, P. B. Battista, A. Bavarchee, A. Bay, A. Beck, M. Becker, F. Bedeschi, I. B. Bediaga, N. A. Behling, S. Belin, A. Bellavista, I. Belyaev, G. Bencivenni, E. Ben-Haim, J. L. M. Berkey, R. Bernet, A. Bertolin, F. Betti, J. Bex, O. Bezshyyko, S. Bhattacharya, M. S. Bieker, N. V. Biesuz, A. Biolchini, M. Birch, F. C. R. Bishop, A. Bitadze, A. Bizzeti, T. Blake, F. Blanc, J. E. Blank, S. Blusk, J. A. Boelhauve, O. Boente Garcia, T. Boettcher, A. Bohare, C. Bolognani, R. B. Bonacci, A. Bordelius, F. Borgato, S. Borghi, M. Borsato, J. T. Borsuk, E. Bottalico, S. A. Bouchiba, M. Bovill, T. J. V. Bowcock, A. Boyer, C. Bozzi, J. D. Brandenburg, A. Brea Rodriguez, N. Breer, C. Breitfeld, J. Brodzicka, J. Brown, E. Buchanan, M. Burgos Marcos, C. Burr, C. Buti, J. S. Butter, J. Buytaert, W. Byczynski, S. Cadeddu, H. Cai, Y. Cai, A. Caillet, R. Calabrese, L. Calefice, M. Calvi, M. Calvo Gomez, P. Camargo Magalhaes, J. I. Cambon Bouzas, P. Campana, A. C. Campos, A. F. Campoverde Quezada, Y. Cao, S. Capelli, M. Caporale, L. Capriotti, R. Caravaca-Mora, A. Carbone, L. Carcedo Salgado, R. Cardinale, A. Cardini, P. Carniti, L. Carus, A. Casais Vidal, R. Caspary, G. Casse, M. Cattaneo, G. Cavallero, V. Cavallini, S. Celani, I. Celestino, S. Cesare, A. J. Chadwick, I. Chahrour, M. Charles, Ph. Charpentier, E. Chatzianagnostou, R. Cheaib, M. Chefdeville, C. Chen, J. Chen, S. Chen, Z. Chen, A. Chen Hu, M. Cherif, S. Chernyshenko, X. Chiotopoulos, G. Chizhik, V. Chobanova, M. Chrzaszcz, V. Chulikov, P. Ciambrone, X. Cid Vidal, P. Cifra, P. E. L. Clarke, M. Clemencic, H. V. Cliff, J. Closier, C. Cocha Toapaxi, V. Coco, J. Cogan, E. Cogneras, L. Cojocariu, S. Collaviti, P. Collins, T. Colombo, M. Colonna, A. Comerma-Montells, L. Congedo, J. Connaughton, A. Contu, N. Cooke, G. Cordova, C. Coronel, I. Corredoira, A. Correia, G. Corti, G. C. Costantino, J. Cottee Meldrum, B. Couturier, D. C. Craik, N. Crepet, M. Cruz Torres, M. Cubero Campos, E. Curras Rivera, R. Currie, C. L. Da Silva, X. Dai, J. Dalseno, C. D'Ambrosio, G. Darze, A. Davidson, J. 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Original paper licensed under CC BY 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). ✨ This is an AI-generated explanation of the paper below. It is not written or endorsed by the authors. For technical accuracy, refer to the original paper. Read full disclaimer
Imagine the universe as a giant, cosmic dance floor where particles are the dancers. For a long time, physicists believed this dance was perfectly symmetrical: if you swapped a dancer with their mirror-image twin, the steps would look exactly the same. This idea is called "CP symmetry." But deep down in the subatomic world, there's a secret twist. Sometimes, the universe prefers one dancer over their twin, breaking the symmetry. This tiny preference is called "CP violation," and it's the reason why our universe is made of matter instead of being an empty void where matter and antimatter canceled each other out.
To understand this, we need to look at a specific type of particle called the Bs0 meson. Think of this particle as a spinning top that can wobble back and forth between two different identities before it eventually falls apart (decays). Physicists are obsessed with measuring exactly how it wobbles and how it breaks apart because the rules of the "Standard Model"—our best rulebook for how the universe works—predict a very specific way for this to happen. If the Bs0 meson wobbles or breaks differently than the rulebook says, it would be a massive clue that there are new, hidden forces or particles we haven't discovered yet. It's like checking if a magic trick follows the laws of physics or if a new magician is pulling a rabbit out of thin air.
This paper is a report from the LHCb collaboration, a team of scientists working at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. They spent years watching millions of these Bs0 mesons decay into a specific set of particles: a J/ψ particle (which quickly turns into two muons) and a pair of pions (π+π−). Using data collected between 2015 and 2018, they performed a highly detailed "time-dependent" analysis. This means they didn't just count the particles; they measured exactly when the decay happened and how the particles were oriented in space, like a high-speed camera capturing the exact moment a spinning top tips over.
The team's main goal was to measure a specific angle of "wobble" called the CP-violating phase, denoted as ϕs. They also measured how likely the particle is to decay in a specific way (the direct CP-violation parameter, ∣λ∣) and how fast the "heavy" version of the particle decays (the decay width, ΓH). After crunching the numbers on their massive dataset, they found that the CP-violating phase is ϕs=−0.077±0.034±0.007 radians. They also found ∣λ∣=0.993±0.026±0.007 and ΓH=0.610±0.002±0.004 ps−1.
Here is the most important part: these results are consistent with the expectations based on the Standard Model, though the measured value sits slightly away from the precise theoretical prediction of -0.0376 radians. The paper notes that while there is a small numerical difference, the measurement is statistically compatible with the theory. In other words, the Bs0 meson is dancing in a way that aligns with our current rulebook, even if the steps aren't a perfect match down to the last decimal. While this might sound like "nothing new," in the world of particle physics, confirming the rulebook with extreme precision is a huge victory. It tells us that if there are new, exotic forces hiding in the universe, they are very good at keeping their secrets, because this experiment didn't find any definitive deviations from the expected behavior. The researchers combined their new results with older data from previous years, tightening the precision of the measurement even further, but the story remains the same: the universe is behaving exactly as our current best theories expect, at least for this particular dance move.
Technical Summary: Improved Measurement of CP Violation in Bs0→J/ψπ+π− Decays
Problem and Motivation
The measurement of the CP-violating phase ϕs in the Bs0 meson system serves as a critical test of the Standard Model (SM) and a probe for physics beyond it. In the SM, ϕs is predicted with high precision (ϕsSM≈−0.0376 rad) based on the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa (CKM) matrix elements. While the "golden" decay mode Bs0→J/ψϕ provides the primary constraint, the Bs0→J/ψπ+π− decay offers the second-best sensitivity to ϕs among b→ccˉs transitions. Previous measurements using Run 1 data (7 and 8 TeV) and partial Run 2 data (13 TeV) established a baseline, but further precision is required to match the theoretical accuracy and rigorously test the SM. This paper presents an updated measurement using the full Run 2 dataset collected by the LHCb detector.
Methodology
The analysis utilizes proton-proton collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 6 fb−1 at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected between 2015 and 2018. The dataset is divided into three sub-periods (2015–2016, 2017, and 2018) to account for varying data-taking conditions.
Event Selection and Reconstruction:
- Candidates are reconstructed via Bs0→J/ψ(μ+μ−)π+π−.
- Strict kinematic and topological cuts are applied, including requirements on transverse momentum (pT), impact parameter (χIP2), and decay time (>0.3 ps).
- A Boosted Decision Tree (BDT) classifier is employed to suppress combinatorial background, trained on simulated signal and sideband data.
- Backgrounds from misidentified particles (e.g., Λb0→J/ψpK−) and partially reconstructed decays are modeled and subtracted.
Signal Extraction:
- A simultaneous unbinned maximum-likelihood fit is performed on the J/ψπ+π− invariant mass distribution across signal and same-charge control samples.
- The signal yield is estimated to be approximately 94,000 events after background subtraction.
Amplitude and Time-Dependent Analysis:
- The analysis performs a time-dependent amplitude analysis, accounting for the interference between direct decay and Bs0-Bˉs0 oscillation.
- The π+π− invariant mass spectrum is modeled to include contributions from scalar (f0) and tensor (f2) resonances. Notably, this analysis includes an additional f2(1565) resonance to better describe the spectrum around 1.6 GeV/c2, alongside f0(980), f2(1270), f0(1500), f2′(1525), and f0(1770).
- The fit incorporates decay-time resolution, decay-time efficiency, and angular efficiency corrections. These efficiencies are determined using control channels (B0→J/ψK∗0) and corrected simulations.
- Flavor tagging (opposite-side and same-side) is used to identify the initial flavor of the Bs0 meson, with calibration performed using B+→J/ψK+ and Bs0→Ds−π+ control samples.
Fit Procedure:
- A five-dimensional probability density function (PDF) describes the distributions of decay time (t), π+π− invariant mass (mππ), and helicity angles (Ω).
- The fit minimizes the negative log-likelihood to extract physics parameters, including ϕs, the direct CP-violation parameter ∣λ∣, and the decay width of the heavy mass eigenstate ΓH.
Key Contributions and Results
The primary contribution of this work is the improved precision of the CP-violating parameters using the full Run 2 dataset. The measured values are:
- CP-violating phase: ϕs=−0.077±0.034 (stat)±0.007 (syst) rad.
- Direct CP-violation parameter: ∣λ∣=0.993±0.026 (stat)±0.007 (syst).
- Heavy mass eigenstate decay width: ΓH=0.610±0.002 (stat)±0.004 ps−1.
These results are consistent with previous LHCb measurements and the Standard Model expectation. No evidence of CP violation is observed in this specific decay channel.
The paper also presents combined results:
- Combining with previous Run 1 and partial Run 2 measurements in Bs0→J/ψπ+π− yields ϕs=−0.046±0.031 rad.
- A global combination with all other LHCb measurements in b→ccˉs transitions results in ϕs=−0.041±0.017 rad. This global average improves the precision by approximately 15% compared to the previous world average.
Significance
The paper claims that this measurement supersedes previous results from Ref. [21] and provides a more stringent test of the Standard Model. By refining the measurement of ϕs in the Bs0→J/ψπ+π− channel and incorporating a more detailed resonant structure model (including the f2(1565)), the analysis reduces systematic uncertainties related to the amplitude model. The resulting global average of ϕs remains consistent with the SM prediction, reinforcing the current understanding of CP violation in the quark sector while maintaining sensitivity to potential new physics contributions. The work demonstrates the capability of the LHCb detector to perform high-precision time-dependent amplitude analyses with large datasets.
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