Angular analysis of the decay Λb0→Λ(1520)μ+μ−
Using 9 fb−1 of proton-proton collision data from the LHCb detector, this paper presents the first angular analysis of Λb0→Λ(1520)μ+μ− decays, measuring key angular observables that are found to be in good agreement with Standard Model predictions.
Original authors: LHCb collaboration, R. Aaij, M. Abdelfatah, A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb, C. Abellan Beteta, F. Abudinén, T. Ackernley, A. A. Adefisoye, B. Adeva, M. Adinolfi, P. Adlarson, C. Agapopoulou, C. A. Aidala, S. Akar, K. Akiba, H. Al Saleh, P. Albicocco, J. Albrecht, R. Aleksiejunas, F. Alessio, P. Alvarez Cartelle, A. A. Alves Jr, S. Amato, J. L. Amey, Y. Amhis, Z. Amos, L. An, L. Anderlini, P. Andreola, M. Andreotti, S. Andres Estrada, A. Anelli, D. Ao, C. Arata, F. Archilli, Z. Areg, M. Argenton, S. Arguedas Cuendis, L. Arnone, M. Artuso, E. Aslanides, R. Ataíde Da Silva, M. Atzeni, B. Audurier, J. A. Authier, D. Bacher, I. Bachiller Perea, S. Bachmann, M. Bachmayer, J. J. Back, M. Bai, Z. B. Bai, V. Balagura, A. Balboni, W. Baldini, Z. Baldwin, L. Balzani, H. Bao, J. Baptista de Souza Leite, C. Barbero Pretel, I. R. Barbosa, W. Barker, R. J. Barlow, M. Barnyakov, S. Baron, S. Barsuk, W. Barter, J. Bartz, S. Bashir, B. Batsukh, P. B. Battista, A. Bavarchee, A. Bay, A. Beck, M. Becker, F. Bedeschi, I. B. Bediaga, N. A. Behling, S. Belin, A. Bellavista, I. Belyaev, G. Bencivenni, E. Ben-Haim, J. L. M. Berkey, R. Bernet, A. Bertolin, L. Bertsch, F. Betti, J. Bex, O. Bezshyyko, S. Bhattacharya, M. S. Bieker, N. V. Biesuz, A. Biolchini, M. Birch, F. C. R. Bishop, A. Bitadze, A. Bizzeti, T. Blake, F. Blanc, J. E. Blank, S. Blusk, J. A. Boelhauve, O. Boente Garcia, T. Boettcher, A. Bohare, C. Bolognani, R. B. Bonacci, A. Bordelius, F. Borgato, S. Borghi, M. Borsato, J. T. Borsuk, E. Bottalico, S. A. Bouchiba, M. Bovill, T. J. V. Bowcock, A. Boyer, C. Bozzi, J. D. Brandenburg, A. Brea Rodriguez, N. Breer, C. Breitfeld, J. Brodzicka, J. Brown, E. Buchanan, M. Burgos Marcos, C. Burr, E. Butera, C. Buti, J. S. Butter, W. Byczynski, S. Cadeddu, H. Cai, Y. Cai, Y. Cai, A. Caillet, R. Calabrese, L. Calefice, M. Calvi, M. Calvo Gomez, P. Camargo Magalhaes, J. I. Cambon Bouzas, P. Campana, A. Campomagnani, A. C. Campos, A. F. Campoverde Quezada, Y. Cao, S. 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Original paper licensed under CC BY 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). ✨ This is an AI-generated explanation of the paper below. It is not written or endorsed by the authors. For technical accuracy, refer to the original paper. Read full disclaimer
Deep within the subatomic world, particles known as baryons are built from three quarks, the fundamental building blocks of matter. Among these, the Lambda-b baryon is a heavy, unstable particle that contains a bottom quark. In the Standard Model, the prevailing theory of particle physics, this particle can decay, or break apart, into lighter particles. One specific way it does this involves a bottom quark changing into a strange quark, a process that is rare and heavily suppressed by the laws of nature. Because this change happens so infrequently and only through complex quantum loops, it acts as a sensitive microscope. If the rules of the Standard Model are incomplete, or if new, unseen forces exist, they would leave a distinct fingerprint on how these particles break apart. Physicists study these rare decays to see if the actual behavior of nature matches the precise predictions of the theory, or if the data reveals a crack in the foundation that points toward new physics.
Researchers at the Large Hadron Collider beauty experiment, known as LHCb, have now performed the first detailed angular analysis of the decay of the Lambda-b baryon into a Lambda(1520) resonance and a pair of muons. The Lambda(1520) is a short-lived, excited state of the Lambda particle that quickly falls apart into a proton and a kaon. By examining the directions in which these resulting particles fly relative to one another, the team could reconstruct the geometry of the decay. They analyzed data collected between 2011 and 2018, corresponding to nine inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collisions. This massive dataset allowed them to isolate thousands of these rare events and measure specific quantities that describe the shape of the decay. The team focused on two key measurements: a forward-backward asymmetry, which tells us if the muons prefer to fly in the direction of the original particle or opposite to it, and a CP-averaged angular observable, which describes the overall distribution of the decay angles.
The analysis was conducted across five distinct ranges of the invariant mass of the muon pair, a value that acts like a coordinate on the energy spectrum of the decay. The researchers had to be extremely careful to separate the signal from the background noise. The decay they were looking for produces a proton and a kaon with a combined mass very close to 1520 MeV/c², but other particles can mimic this signature. To solve this, they used a sophisticated statistical model that treated the signal as a mix of the dominant Lambda(1520) resonance and smaller contributions from other, lighter resonances with different spin properties. They also accounted for the fact that the detector itself does not see all directions equally, correcting for these biases using detailed computer simulations. By fitting the data to their model, they extracted the values of the angular observables in each energy interval.
The results showed that the measured values for the forward-backward asymmetry and the angular distribution are in good agreement with the predictions of the Standard Model. The data did not reveal any significant deviations that would suggest the presence of new physics or forces beyond the current theory. While the measurements are currently limited by statistics, meaning that more data would be needed to sharpen the precision, the fact that the results align with theoretical expectations is a significant validation of our understanding of these rare processes. This work establishes a new baseline for studying baryon decays, complementing previous studies of mesons and opening the door for future, more precise tests as the LHCb experiment continues to collect data. The study confirms that, for this specific decay channel, nature behaves consistently with the Standard Model predictions within the current statistical uncertainties.
Technical Summary: Angular Analysis of the Decay Λb0→Λ(1520)μ+μ−
Problem and Motivation
The paper addresses the flavor-changing neutral current (FCNC) decay Λb0→Λ(1520)μ+μ−, a process involving a b→s quark transition that is Cabibbo- and loop-suppressed within the Standard Model (SM). While similar mesonic decays (e.g., B→K(∗)μ+μ−) have shown tensions with SM predictions, baryonic decays offer a complementary probe. The presence of an additional spectator quark in the Λb0 baryon allows for a different theoretical treatment of the hadronic interaction, and the non-zero spins of the Λb0 and the Λ(1520) resonance (JP=3/2−) enable the investigation of spin structures inaccessible in meson decays. The primary goal is to perform the first angular analysis of this specific decay channel to measure angular observables sensitive to physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM).
Methodology
The analysis utilizes proton-proton collision data collected by the LHCb detector between 2011 and 2018, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9 fb−1 at center-of-mass energies of 7, 8, and 13 TeV.
- Event Selection: Candidates are reconstructed by combining a Λ(1520) (decaying to pK−) with two oppositely charged muons. Selection criteria include vertex quality, flight distance significance, and particle identification. A multivariate Boosted Decision Tree (BDT) classifier is employed to suppress combinatorial background.
- Kinematic Regions: The analysis is performed in five intervals of the dimuon invariant mass squared (q2): four narrow bins [0.1,3.0], [3.0,6.0], [6.0,8.0], and [10.0,12.5] GeV2/c4, and one wide bin [1.1,6.0] GeV2/c4. Regions containing J/ψ and ψ(2S) resonances are excluded.
- Angular Formalism: The differential decay width is modeled using a simplified expression derived in the heavy-quark limit. The analysis accounts for the dominant Λ(1520) resonance (J=3/2) and sub-dominant contributions from other excited Λ∗ resonances with spin J=1/2 (collectively ΛJ=1/2∗, primarily Λ(1405) and Λ(1600)).
- Fitting Strategy:
- Mass Fit: An extended unbinned maximum-likelihood fit to the pK−μ+μ− invariant mass determines the signal yield. The signal is modeled with a Hypatia function, and background with an exponential.
- Lineshape Fit: The pK− invariant mass distribution is fitted to determine the fraction of the Λ(1520) component (f3/2) versus the J=1/2 background, modeling the Λ(1520) with a relativistic Breit-Wigner and the J=1/2 component with a polynomial.
- Angular Fit: The angular distributions (cosθℓ, cosθp) are fitted using a probability density function (PDF) that includes the CP-averaged angular observables for both spin states and parameters (i1,i2) to model strong phase interference between resonances.
- Systematics: Extensive studies of systematic uncertainties are performed, covering mass shape modeling, background composition, simulation corrections for angular acceptance, and fit biases arising from physical boundaries.
Key Contributions
- First Angular Analysis: This work presents the first angular analysis of Λb0→Λ(1520)μ+μ− decays.
- Novel Fit Model: The paper introduces a comprehensive angular fit model that simultaneously handles the J=3/2 Λ(1520) signal and the J=1/2 Λ∗ background, including interference terms. This model is validated using pseudoexperiments and simulation.
- Measurement of New Observables: The analysis determines the leptonic forward-backward asymmetry (AFB,3/2ℓ) and the CP-averaged angular observable (S1cc) in multiple q2 bins.
Results
The measured values for AFB,3/2ℓ and S1cc across the five q2 intervals are presented in Table 3. The results are statistically dominated, with total uncertainties ranging from approximately 0.1 to 0.3 depending on the observable and bin.
- The measured values are found to be in good agreement with Standard Model predictions based on Lattice QCD, dispersive bounds, and Quark Model calculations.
- Specifically, the AFB,3/2ℓ values are consistent with zero within uncertainties in most bins, and the S1cc values align with theoretical expectations.
- The analysis confirms that interference effects between the Λ(1520) and other Λ∗ resonances are non-negligible and must be included in the fit model.
Significance
The paper claims that the results provide a successful first measurement of angular observables in this baryonic decay channel, validating the theoretical framework used to describe the spin structure of the interaction. The agreement with SM predictions suggests no significant deviation from the Standard Model in this specific channel at the current level of precision. The authors note that the measurement is currently limited by statistics and that future analyses with larger datasets collected by LHCb will allow for more complex models and potentially better discrimination between theoretical predictions. The work establishes a methodology for analyzing Λb0→Λ∗μ+μ− decays that accounts for the complexities of overlapping resonances and interference.
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