⚛️ high-energy experiments

Energy-energy correlators within $Z$ -tagged jets in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV

This paper presents the first measurements of energy-energy correlators in light-quark-enriched, $Z$ -tagged jets using LHCb proton-proton collision data at 13 TeV, confirming the universality of the confinement scale and demonstrating that opposite-sign charged-hadron correlations are enhanced at small angular separations as predicted by simulations.

Original authors: LHCb collaboration, R. Aaij, M. Abdelfatah, A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb, C. Abellan Beteta, F. Abudinén, T. Ackernley, A. A. Adefisoye, B. Adeva, M. Adinolfi, P. Adlarson, C. Agapopoulou, C. A. Aidala, S. LHCb collaboration, R. Aaij, M. Abdelfatah, A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb, C. Abellan Beteta, F. Abudinén, T. Ackernley, A. A. Adefisoye, B. Adeva, M. Adinolfi, P. Adlarson, C. Agapopoulou, C. A. Aidala, S. Akar, K. Akiba, H. Al Saleh, P. Albicocco, J. Albrecht, R. Aleksiejunas, F. Alessio, P. Alvarez Cartelle, A. A. Alves, S. Amato, J. L. Amey, Y. Amhis, Z. Amos, L. An, L. Anderlini, P. Andreola, M. Andreotti, S. Andres Estrada, A. Anelli, D. Ao, C. Arata, F. Archilli, Z. Areg, M. Argenton, S. Arguedas Cuendis, L. Arnone, M. Artuso, E. Aslanides, R. Ataíde Da Silva, M. Atzeni, B. Audurier, J. A. Authier, D. Bacher, I. Bachiller Perea, S. Bachmann, M. Bachmayer, J. J. Back, M. Bai, Z. B. Bai, V. Balagura, A. Balboni, W. Baldini, Z. Baldwin, L. Balzani, H. Bao, J. Baptista de Souza Leite, C. Barbero Pretel, M. Barbetti, I. R. Barbosa, W. Barker, R. J. Barlow, M. Barnyakov, S. Baron, S. Barsuk, W. Barter, J. Bartz, S. Bashir, B. Batsukh, P. B. Battista, A. Bavarchee, A. Bay, A. Beck, M. Becker, F. Bedeschi, I. B. Bediaga, N. A. Behling, S. Belin, A. Bellavista, I. Belyaev, G. Bencivenni, E. Ben-Haim, J. L. M. Berkey, R. Bernet, A. Bertolin, L. Bertsch, F. Betti, J. Bex, O. Bezshyyko, S. Bhattacharya, M. S. Bieker, N. V. Biesuz, A. Biolchini, M. Birch, F. C. R. Bishop, A. Bitadze, A. Bizzeti, T. Blake, F. Blanc, J. E. Blank, S. Blusk, J. A. Boelhauve, O. Boente Garcia, T. Boettcher, A. Bohare, C. Bolognani, R. B. Bonacci, A. Bordelius, F. Borgato, S. Borghi, M. Borsato, J. T. Borsuk, E. Bottalico, S. A. Bouchiba, M. Bovill, T. J. V. Bowcock, A. Boyer, C. Bozzi, J. D. Brandenburg, A. Brea Rodriguez, N. Breer, C. Breitfeld, J. Brodzicka, J. Brown, E. Buchanan, M. Burgos Marcos, C. Burr, E. Butera, C. Buti, J. S. Butter, W. Byczynski, S. Cadeddu, H. Cai, Y. Cai, Y. Cai, A. Caillet, R. Calabrese, L. Calefice, M. Calvi, M. Calvo Gomez, P. Camargo Magalhaes, J. I. Cambon Bouzas, P. Campana, A. Campomagnani, A. C. Campos, A. F. Campoverde Quezada, Y. Cao, S. Capelli, M. Caporale, L. Capriotti, R. Caravaca-Mora, A. Carbone, L. Carcedo Salgado, R. Cardinale, A. Cardini, P. Carniti, L. Carus, R. Caspary, G. Casse, M. Cattaneo, G. Cavallero, V. Cavallini, S. Celani, I. Celestino, S. Cesare, A. J. Chadwick, M. Charles, Ph. Charpentier, E. Chatzianagnostou, R. Cheaib, M. Chefdeville, C. Chen, J. Chen, S. Chen, Z. Chen, A. Chen Hu, M. Cherif, S. Chernyshenko, X. Chiotopoulos, G. Chizhik, V. Chobanova, A. Christakakis, M. Chrzaszcz, Y. Chu, V. Chulikov, P. Ciambrone, X. Cid Vidal, P. Cifra, P. E. L. Clarke, M. Clemencic, H. V. Cliff, J. Closier, C. Cocha Toapaxi, V. Coco, A. Codovini, C. S. Codovini, J. Cogan, E. Cogneras, L. Cojocariu, S. Collaviti, P. Collins, T. Colombo, M. Colonna, A. Comerma-Montells, L. Congedo, J. Connaughton, A. Contu, N. Cooke, A. Corallo, G. Cordova, C. Coronel, I. Corredoira, A. Correia, G. Corti, G. C. Costantino, C. Cotirlan, J. Cottee Meldrum, B. Couturier, D. C. Craik, N. Crepet, M. Cruz Torres, M. Cubero Campos, E. Curras Rivera, R. Currie, C. L. Da Silva, X. Dai, J. Dalseno, C. D'Ambrosio, G. Darze, A. Davidson, O. De Aguiar Francisco, C. De Angelis, F. De Benedetti, J. de Boer, K. De Bruyn, S. De Capua, M. De Cian, U. De Freitas Carneiro Da Graca, F. De Gregorio, E. De Lucia, J. M. De Miranda, L. De Paula, A. De Robertis, E. De Santis, M. De Serio, P. De Simone, F. De Vellis, J. A. de Vries, F. Debernardis, D. Decamp, S. Dekkers, L. Del Buono, B. Delaney, B. Demaire-Lepape, J. Deng, O. Deschamps, F. Dettori, B. Dey, P. Di Nezza, S. Ding, Y. Ding, L. Dittmann, J. F. Diverchy, A. D. Docheva, A. Doheny, C. Dong, F. Dordei, J. Dorta Moreno, A. C. dos Reis, J. Dos Santos Oliveira, A. D. Dowling, L. Dreyfus, W. Duan, P. Duda, L. Dufour, V. Duk, P. Durante, M. M. Duras, J. M. Durham, K. Duwe, A. Dziurda, S. Easo, E. Eckstein, U. Egede, S. Eisenhardt, E. Ejopu, L. Eklund, M. Elashri, D. Elizondo Blanco, J. Ellbracht, S. Ely, A. Ene, T. Evans, F. Fabiano, S. Faghih, L. N. Falcao, B. Fang, R. Fantechi, L. Fantini, M. Faria, K. Farmer, F. Fassin, D. Fazzini, L. Felkowski, C. Feng, M. Feng, A. Fernandez Casani, M. Fernandez Gomez, B. Fernandez Rodino, J. Fernandez-John, A. D. Fernez, F. Ferrari, F. Ferreira Rodrigues, R. A. Fini, R. Fiorenza, M. Fiorini, M. Firlej, D. S. Fitzgerald, C. Fitzpatrick, T. Fiutowski, F. Fleuret, A. Fomin, M. Fontana, M. Fontes Vaz, L. A. Foreman, R. Forty, D. Foulds-Holt, V. Franco Lima, M. Franco Sevilla, M. Frank, E. Franzoso, G. Frau, C. Frei, D. A. Friday, J. Fu, Y. Fu, Q. Führing, T. Fulghesu, G. Galati, M. D. Galati, A. Gallas Torreira, D. Galli, S. Gambetta, M. Gandelman, P. Gandini, B. Ganie, H. Gao, R. Gao, T. Q. Gao, Y. Gao, Y. Gao, Y. Gao, L. M. Garcia Martin, P. Garcia Moreno, J. García Pardiñas, P. Gardner, L. Garrido, C. Gaspar, A. Gavrikov, J. George, E. Gersabeck, M. Gersabeck, T. Gershon, S. Ghizzo, Z. Ghorbanimoghaddam, F. I. Giasemis, V. Gibson, H. K. Giemza, A. L. Gilman, M. Giovannetti, A. Gioventù, L. Girardey, M. A. Giza, F. C. Glaser, V. V. Gligorov, C. Göbel, L. Golinka-Bezshyyko, E. Golobardes, A. Golutvin, S. Gomez Fernandez, A. G. Gomez Mongui, W. Gomulka, F. Goncalves Abrantes, I. Gonçales Vaz, M. Goncerz, G. Gong, S. Gong, J. A. Gooding, C. Gotti, E. Govorkova, J. P. Grabowski, L. A. Granado Cardoso, R. Grande Quartieri, E. Graugés, E. Graverini, L. Grazette, G. Graziani, A. T. Grecu, N. A. Grieser, L. Grillo, C. Gu, M. Guarise, L. Guerry, A. -K. Guseinov, Y. Guz, T. Gys, K. Habermann, T. Hadavizadeh, C. Hadjivasiliou, G. Haefeli, C. Haen, S. Haken, G. Hallett, P. M. Hamilton, Q. Han, S. Han, X. Han, S. Hansmann-Menzemer, N. Harnew, T. J. Harris, L. Hartman, M. Hartmann, S. Hashmi, J. He, N. Heatley, A. Hedes, F. Hemmer, C. Henderson, R. Henderson, R. D. L. Henderson, A. M. Hennequin, K. Hennessy, A. Henrot, J. Herd, P. Herrero Gascon, J. Heuel, A. Heyn, A. Hicheur, G. Hijano Mendizabal, J. Horswill, R. Hou, Y. Hou, D. C. Houston, N. Howarth, W. Hu, X. Hu, W. Hulsbergen, R. J. Hunter, D. Hutchcroft, M. Idzik, P. Ilten, A. Iohner, S. Jacevicius, H. Jage, S. J. Jaimes Elles, S. Jakobsen, T. Jakoubek, E. Jans, A. Jawahery, C. Jayaweera, A. Jelavic, V. Jevtic, Z. Jia, E. Jiang, X. Jiang, Y. Jiang, Y. J. Jiang, E. Jimenez Moya, N. Jindal, M. John, A. John Rubesh Rajan, D. Johnson, C. R. Jones, S. Joshi, B. Jost, J. Juan Castella, N. Jurik, I. Juszczak, K. Kalecinska, D. Kaminaris, S. Kandybei, M. Kane, Y. Kang, C. Kar, A. Kauniskangas, J. W. Kautz, M. K. Kazanecki, F. Keizer, M. Kenzie, T. Ketel, B. Khanji, S. Kholodenko, V. Kholoimov, G. Khreich, F. Kiraz, T. Kirn, V. S. Kirsebom, N. Kleijne, A. Kleimenova, D. Klekots, K. Klimaszewski, M. R. Kmiec, T. Knospe, R. Kolb, S. Koliiev, L. Kolk, A. Konoplyannikov, P. Kooij, P. Kopciewicz, P. Koppenburg, A. Korchin, I. Kostiuk, O. Kot, S. Kotriakhova, E. Kowalczyk, O. Kravcov, M. Kreps, W. Krupa, W. Krzemien, O. Kshyvanskyi, S. Kubis, M. Kucharczyk, A. Kupsc, A. Kurzina, V. Kushnir, B. Kutsenko, J. Kvapil, I. Kyryllin, D. Lacarrere, P. Laguarta Gonzalez, A. Lai, A. Lampis, D. Lancierini, C. Landesa Gomez, G. Lanfranchi, C. Langenbruch, T. Latham, F. Lazzari, C. Lazzeroni, R. Le Gac, H. Lee, R. Lefèvre, M. Lehuraux, C. Lemettais, E. Lemos Cid, O. Leroy, T. Lesiak, E. D. Lesser, B. Leverington, A. Li, C. Li, C. Li, H. Li, J. Li, K. Li, L. Li, L. Li, P. Li, P. -R. Li, Q. Li, T. Li, T. Li, W. Li, Y. Li, Y. Li, Y. Li, Z. Li, Z. Lian, Q. Liang, X. Liang, Z. Liang, S. Libralon, A. Lightbody, J. Lin, S. Lin, T. Lin, R. Lindner, H. Linton, R. Litvinov, D. Liu, F. L. Liu, G. Liu, K. Liu, S. Liu, W. Liu, X. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. L. Liu, G. Loachamin Ordonez, I. Lobo, A. Lobo Salvia, A. Loi, T. Long, F. C. L. Lopes, J. H. Lopes, A. Lopez Huertas, C. Lopez Iribarnegaray, Q. Lu, C. Lucarelli, D. Lucchesi, M. Lucio Martinez, Y. Luo, A. Lupato, M. Lupberger, E. Luppi, K. Lynch, J. Lyu, S. Lyu, X. -R. Lyu, H. Ma, S. Maccolini, F. Machefert, F. Maciuc, B. Mack, I. Mackay, L. M. Mackey, L. R. Madhan Mohan, M. J. Madurai, D. Magdalinski, J. J. Malczewski, S. Malde, L. Malentacca, G. Manca, C. Mancuso, R. Manera Escalero, A. Mangalasseri, F. M. Manganella, R. Mangrulkar, D. Manuzzi, S. Mao, D. Marangotto, J. F. Marchand, R. Marchevski, U. Marconi, L. Mareso, E. Mariani, S. Mariani, C. Marin Benito, J. Marks, A. M. Marshall, L. Martel, G. Martelli, G. Martellotti, L. Martinazzoli, M. Martinelli, C. Martinez, A. Martinez Armas, D. Martinez Gomez, D. Martinez Santos, F. Martinez Vidal, A. Martorell i Granollers, A. Massafferri, R. Matev, A. Mathad, C. Matteuzzi, K. R. Mattioli, L. Matzner, A. Mauri, E. Maurice, J. Mauricio, P. Mayencourt, J. Mazorra de Cos, M. Mazurek, D. Mazzanti Tarancon, M. McCann, N. T. McHugh, A. McNab, R. McNulty, B. Meadows, S. E. R. Medaer, D. Melnychuk, D. Mendoza Granada, P. Menendez Valdes Perez, F. M. Meng, M. Merk, A. Merli, L. Meyer Garcia, D. Miao, H. Miao, S. Mico, M. Mikhasenko, D. A. Milanes, A. Minotti, E. Minucci, B. Mitreska, D. S. Mitzel, R. Mocanu, A. Modak, L. Moeser, R. D. Moise, E. F. Molina Cardenas, T. Mombächer, M. Monk, T. Monnard, S. Monteil, A. Morcillo Gomez, G. Morello, M. J. Morello, M. P. Morgenthaler, A. Moro, J. Moron, W. Morren, A. B. Morris, A. G. Morris, R. Mountain, Z. Mu, N. Muangkod, E. Muhammad, F. Muheim, M. Mulder, K. Müller, F. Muñoz-Rojas, V. Mytrochenko, P. Naik, T. Nakada, R. Nandakumar, G. Napoletano, I. Nasteva, M. Needham, N. Neri, S. Neubert, N. Neufeld, J. Nicolini, D. Nicotra, E. M. Niel, L. Nisi, Q. Niu, B. K. Njoki, P. Nogarolli, P. Nogga, J. Nombela Royo, C. Normand, A. Novo Cal, J. Novoa Fernandez, G. Nowak, H. N. Nur, A. Oblakowska-Mucha, T. Oeser, O. Okhrimenko, R. Oldeman, N. Oldman, F. Oliva, E. Olivart Pino, M. Olocco, R. H. O'Neil, J. S. Ordonez Soto, D. Osthues, J. M. Otalora Goicochea, A. Oyanguren, O. Ozcelik, F. Paciolla, A. Padee, K. O. Padeken, B. Pagare, T. Pajero, A. Palano, L. Palini, L. Palombini, M. Palutan, C. Pan, X. Pan, S. Panebianco, S. Paniskaki, L. Paolucci, A. Papanestis, M. Pappagallo, L. L. Pappalardo, C. Pappenheimer, C. Parkes, D. Parmar, G. Passaleva, D. Passaro, A. Pastore, M. Patel, J. Patoc, C. Patrignani, A. Paul, C. J. Pawley, A. Pellegrino, J. Peng, X. Peng, M. Pepe Altarelli, S. Perazzini, H. Pereira Da Costa, M. Pereira Martinez, A. Pereiro Castro, C. Perez, A. Perez Casas, P. Perret, A. Perrevoort, A. Perro, M. J. Peters, A. Petkovic, K. Petridis, A. Petrolini, S. Pezzulo, J. P. Pfaller, H. Pham, L. Pica, E. Picatoste Olloqui, M. Piccini, L. Piccolo, F. Piernas Diaz, B. Pietrzyk, R. N. Pilato, D. Pinci, F. Pisani, M. Pizzichemi, V. M. Placinta, M. Plo Casasus, T. Poeschl, F. Polci, M. Poli Lener, A. Poluektov, I. Polyakov, E. Polycarpo, S. Ponce, D. Popov, K. Popp, K. Prasanth, C. Prouve, D. Provenzano, V. Pugatch, A. Puicercus Gomez, G. Punzi, J. R. Pybus, Q. Qian, W. Qian, N. Qin, R. Quagliani, R. I. Rabadan Trejo, B. Rachwal, R. Racz, J. H. Rademacker, M. Rama, M. Ramírez García, V. Ramos De Oliveira, M. Ramos Pernas, G. Ramsey, M. S. Rangel, G. Raven, M. Rebollo De Miguel, F. Redi, J. Reich, F. Reiss, Z. Ren, P. K. Resmi, M. Ribalda Galvez, R. Ribatti, G. Ricart, D. Riccardi, S. Ricciardi, K. Richardson, M. Richardson-Slipper, F. Riehn, K. Rinnert, P. Robbe, G. Robertson, E. Rodrigues, A. Rodriguez Alvarez, E. Rodriguez Fernandez, J. A. Rodriguez Lopez, E. Rodriguez Rodriguez, J. Roensch, A. Rogovskiy, D. L. Rolf, P. Roloff, A. Romano, V. Romanovskiy, A. Romero Vidal, G. Romolini, F. Ronchetti, T. Rong, W. Rose, M. Rotondo, M. S. Rudolph, G. Ruggiero, M. Ruiz Diaz, J. Ruiz Vidal, J. Ruz Armendariz, J. J. Saavedra-Arias, J. J. Saborido Silva, D. Sahoo, N. Sahoo, B. Saitta, M. Salomoni, I. Sanderswood, R. Santacesaria, C. Santamarina Rios, M. Santimaria, L. Santoro, E. Santovetti, A. 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Published 2026-10-14

📖 5 min read🧠 Deep dive

CC BY 4.0

Original authors: LHCb collaboration, R. Aaij, M. Abdelfatah, A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb, C. Abellan Beteta, F. Abudinén, T. Ackernley, A. A. Adefisoye, B. Adeva, M. Adinolfi, P. Adlarson, C. Agapopoulou, C. A. Aidala, S. Akar, K. Akiba, H. Al Saleh, P. Albicocco, J. Albrecht, R. Aleksiejunas, F. Alessio, P. Alvarez Cartelle, A. A. Alves, S. Amato, J. L. Amey, Y. Amhis, Z. Amos, L. An, L. Anderlini, P. Andreola, M. Andreotti, S. Andres Estrada, A. Anelli, D. Ao, C. Arata, F. Archilli, Z. Areg, M. Argenton, S. Arguedas Cuendis, L. Arnone, M. Artuso, E. Aslanides, R. Ataíde Da Silva, M. Atzeni, B. Audurier, J. A. Authier, D. Bacher, I. Bachiller Perea, S. Bachmann, M. Bachmayer, J. J. Back, M. Bai, Z. B. Bai, V. Balagura, A. Balboni, W. Baldini, Z. Baldwin, L. Balzani, H. Bao, J. Baptista de Souza Leite, C. Barbero Pretel, M. Barbetti, I. R. Barbosa, W. Barker, R. J. Barlow, M. Barnyakov, S. Baron, S. Barsuk, W. Barter, J. Bartz, S. Bashir, B. Batsukh, P. B. Battista, A. Bavarchee, A. Bay, A. Beck, M. Becker, F. Bedeschi, I. B. Bediaga, N. A. Behling, S. Belin, A. Bellavista, I. Belyaev, G. Bencivenni, E. Ben-Haim, J. L. M. Berkey, R. Bernet, A. Bertolin, L. Bertsch, F. Betti, J. Bex, O. Bezshyyko, S. Bhattacharya, M. S. Bieker, N. V. Biesuz, A. Biolchini, M. Birch, F. C. R. Bishop, A. Bitadze, A. Bizzeti, T. Blake, F. Blanc, J. E. Blank, S. Blusk, J. A. Boelhauve, O. Boente Garcia, T. Boettcher, A. Bohare, C. Bolognani, R. B. Bonacci, A. Bordelius, F. Borgato, S. Borghi, M. Borsato, J. T. Borsuk, E. Bottalico, S. A. Bouchiba, M. Bovill, T. J. V. Bowcock, A. Boyer, C. Bozzi, J. D. Brandenburg, A. Brea Rodriguez, N. Breer, C. Breitfeld, J. Brodzicka, J. Brown, E. Buchanan, M. Burgos Marcos, C. Burr, E. Butera, C. Buti, J. S. Butter, W. Byczynski, S. Cadeddu, H. Cai, Y. Cai, Y. Cai, A. Caillet, R. Calabrese, L. Calefice, M. Calvi, M. Calvo Gomez, P. Camargo Magalhaes, J. I. Cambon Bouzas, P. Campana, A. Campomagnani, A. C. Campos, A. F. Campoverde Quezada, Y. Cao, S. Capelli, M. Caporale, L. Capriotti, R. Caravaca-Mora, A. Carbone, L. Carcedo Salgado, R. Cardinale, A. Cardini, P. Carniti, L. Carus, R. Caspary, G. Casse, M. Cattaneo, G. Cavallero, V. Cavallini, S. Celani, I. Celestino, S. Cesare, A. J. Chadwick, M. Charles, Ph. Charpentier, E. Chatzianagnostou, R. Cheaib, M. Chefdeville, C. Chen, J. Chen, S. Chen, Z. Chen, A. Chen Hu, M. Cherif, S. Chernyshenko, X. Chiotopoulos, G. Chizhik, V. Chobanova, A. Christakakis, M. Chrzaszcz, Y. Chu, V. Chulikov, P. Ciambrone, X. Cid Vidal, P. Cifra, P. E. L. Clarke, M. Clemencic, H. V. Cliff, J. Closier, C. Cocha Toapaxi, V. Coco, A. Codovini, C. S. Codovini, J. Cogan, E. Cogneras, L. Cojocariu, S. Collaviti, P. Collins, T. Colombo, M. Colonna, A. Comerma-Montells, L. Congedo, J. Connaughton, A. Contu, N. Cooke, A. Corallo, G. Cordova, C. Coronel, I. Corredoira, A. Correia, G. Corti, G. C. Costantino, C. Cotirlan, J. Cottee Meldrum, B. Couturier, D. C. Craik, N. Crepet, M. Cruz Torres, M. Cubero Campos, E. Curras Rivera, R. Currie, C. L. Da Silva, X. Dai, J. Dalseno, C. D'Ambrosio, G. Darze, A. Davidson, O. De Aguiar Francisco, C. De Angelis, F. De Benedetti, J. de Boer, K. De Bruyn, S. De Capua, M. De Cian, U. De Freitas Carneiro Da Graca, F. De Gregorio, E. De Lucia, J. M. De Miranda, L. De Paula, A. De Robertis, E. De Santis, M. De Serio, P. De Simone, F. De Vellis, J. A. de Vries, F. Debernardis, D. Decamp, S. Dekkers, L. Del Buono, B. Delaney, B. Demaire-Lepape, J. Deng, O. Deschamps, F. Dettori, B. Dey, P. Di Nezza, S. Ding, Y. Ding, L. Dittmann, J. F. Diverchy, A. D. Docheva, A. Doheny, C. Dong, F. Dordei, J. Dorta Moreno, A. C. dos Reis, J. Dos Santos Oliveira, A. D. Dowling, L. Dreyfus, W. Duan, P. Duda, L. Dufour, V. Duk, P. Durante, M. M. Duras, J. M. Durham, K. Duwe, A. Dziurda, S. Easo, E. Eckstein, U. Egede, S. Eisenhardt, E. Ejopu, L. Eklund, M. Elashri, D. Elizondo Blanco, J. Ellbracht, S. Ely, A. Ene, T. Evans, F. Fabiano, S. Faghih, L. N. Falcao, B. Fang, R. Fantechi, L. Fantini, M. Faria, K. Farmer, F. Fassin, D. Fazzini, L. Felkowski, C. Feng, M. Feng, A. Fernandez Casani, M. Fernandez Gomez, B. Fernandez Rodino, J. Fernandez-John, A. D. Fernez, F. Ferrari, F. Ferreira Rodrigues, R. A. Fini, R. Fiorenza, M. Fiorini, M. Firlej, D. S. Fitzgerald, C. Fitzpatrick, T. Fiutowski, F. Fleuret, A. Fomin, M. Fontana, M. Fontes Vaz, L. A. Foreman, R. Forty, D. Foulds-Holt, V. Franco Lima, M. Franco Sevilla, M. Frank, E. Franzoso, G. Frau, C. Frei, D. A. Friday, J. Fu, Y. Fu, Q. Führing, T. Fulghesu, G. Galati, M. D. Galati, A. Gallas Torreira, D. Galli, S. Gambetta, M. Gandelman, P. Gandini, B. Ganie, H. Gao, R. Gao, T. Q. Gao, Y. Gao, Y. Gao, Y. Gao, L. M. Garcia Martin, P. Garcia Moreno, J. García Pardiñas, P. Gardner, L. Garrido, C. Gaspar, A. Gavrikov, J. George, E. Gersabeck, M. Gersabeck, T. Gershon, S. Ghizzo, Z. Ghorbanimoghaddam, F. I. Giasemis, V. Gibson, H. K. Giemza, A. L. Gilman, M. Giovannetti, A. Gioventù, L. Girardey, M. A. Giza, F. C. Glaser, V. V. Gligorov, C. Göbel, L. Golinka-Bezshyyko, E. Golobardes, A. Golutvin, S. Gomez Fernandez, A. G. Gomez Mongui, W. Gomulka, F. Goncalves Abrantes, I. Gonçales Vaz, M. Goncerz, G. Gong, S. Gong, J. A. Gooding, C. Gotti, E. Govorkova, J. P. Grabowski, L. A. Granado Cardoso, R. Grande Quartieri, E. Graugés, E. Graverini, L. Grazette, G. Graziani, A. T. Grecu, N. A. Grieser, L. Grillo, C. Gu, M. Guarise, L. Guerry, A. -K. Guseinov, Y. Guz, T. Gys, K. Habermann, T. Hadavizadeh, C. Hadjivasiliou, G. Haefeli, C. Haen, S. Haken, G. Hallett, P. M. Hamilton, Q. Han, S. Han, X. Han, S. Hansmann-Menzemer, N. Harnew, T. J. Harris, L. Hartman, M. Hartmann, S. Hashmi, J. He, N. Heatley, A. Hedes, F. Hemmer, C. Henderson, R. Henderson, R. D. L. Henderson, A. M. Hennequin, K. Hennessy, A. Henrot, J. Herd, P. Herrero Gascon, J. Heuel, A. Heyn, A. Hicheur, G. Hijano Mendizabal, J. Horswill, R. Hou, Y. Hou, D. C. Houston, N. Howarth, W. Hu, X. Hu, W. Hulsbergen, R. J. Hunter, D. Hutchcroft, M. Idzik, P. Ilten, A. Iohner, S. Jacevicius, H. Jage, S. J. Jaimes Elles, S. Jakobsen, T. Jakoubek, E. Jans, A. Jawahery, C. Jayaweera, A. Jelavic, V. Jevtic, Z. Jia, E. Jiang, X. Jiang, Y. Jiang, Y. J. Jiang, E. Jimenez Moya, N. Jindal, M. John, A. John Rubesh Rajan, D. Johnson, C. R. Jones, S. Joshi, B. Jost, J. Juan Castella, N. Jurik, I. Juszczak, K. Kalecinska, D. Kaminaris, S. Kandybei, M. Kane, Y. Kang, C. Kar, A. Kauniskangas, J. W. Kautz, M. K. Kazanecki, F. Keizer, M. Kenzie, T. Ketel, B. Khanji, S. Kholodenko, V. Kholoimov, G. Khreich, F. Kiraz, T. Kirn, V. S. Kirsebom, N. Kleijne, A. Kleimenova, D. Klekots, K. Klimaszewski, M. R. Kmiec, T. Knospe, R. Kolb, S. Koliiev, L. Kolk, A. Konoplyannikov, P. Kooij, P. Kopciewicz, P. Koppenburg, A. Korchin, I. Kostiuk, O. Kot, S. Kotriakhova, E. Kowalczyk, O. Kravcov, M. Kreps, W. Krupa, W. Krzemien, O. Kshyvanskyi, S. Kubis, M. Kucharczyk, A. Kupsc, A. Kurzina, V. Kushnir, B. Kutsenko, J. Kvapil, I. Kyryllin, D. Lacarrere, P. Laguarta Gonzalez, A. Lai, A. Lampis, D. Lancierini, C. Landesa Gomez, G. Lanfranchi, C. Langenbruch, T. Latham, F. Lazzari, C. Lazzeroni, R. Le Gac, H. Lee, R. Lefèvre, M. Lehuraux, C. Lemettais, E. Lemos Cid, O. Leroy, T. Lesiak, E. D. Lesser, B. Leverington, A. Li, C. Li, C. Li, H. Li, J. Li, K. Li, L. Li, L. Li, P. Li, P. -R. Li, Q. Li, T. Li, T. Li, W. Li, Y. Li, Y. Li, Y. Li, Z. Li, Z. Lian, Q. Liang, X. Liang, Z. Liang, S. Libralon, A. Lightbody, J. Lin, S. Lin, T. Lin, R. Lindner, H. Linton, R. Litvinov, D. Liu, F. L. Liu, G. Liu, K. Liu, S. Liu, W. Liu, X. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. L. Liu, G. Loachamin Ordonez, I. Lobo, A. Lobo Salvia, A. Loi, T. Long, F. C. L. Lopes, J. H. Lopes, A. Lopez Huertas, C. Lopez Iribarnegaray, Q. Lu, C. Lucarelli, D. Lucchesi, M. Lucio Martinez, Y. Luo, A. Lupato, M. Lupberger, E. Luppi, K. Lynch, J. Lyu, S. Lyu, X. -R. Lyu, H. Ma, S. Maccolini, F. Machefert, F. Maciuc, B. Mack, I. Mackay, L. M. Mackey, L. R. Madhan Mohan, M. J. Madurai, D. Magdalinski, J. J. Malczewski, S. Malde, L. Malentacca, G. Manca, C. Mancuso, R. Manera Escalero, A. Mangalasseri, F. M. Manganella, R. Mangrulkar, D. Manuzzi, S. Mao, D. Marangotto, J. F. Marchand, R. Marchevski, U. Marconi, L. Mareso, E. Mariani, S. Mariani, C. Marin Benito, J. Marks, A. M. Marshall, L. Martel, G. Martelli, G. Martellotti, L. Martinazzoli, M. Martinelli, C. Martinez, A. Martinez Armas, D. Martinez Gomez, D. Martinez Santos, F. Martinez Vidal, A. Martorell i Granollers, A. Massafferri, R. Matev, A. Mathad, C. Matteuzzi, K. R. Mattioli, L. Matzner, A. Mauri, E. Maurice, J. Mauricio, P. Mayencourt, J. Mazorra de Cos, M. Mazurek, D. Mazzanti Tarancon, M. McCann, N. T. McHugh, A. McNab, R. McNulty, B. Meadows, S. E. R. Medaer, D. Melnychuk, D. Mendoza Granada, P. Menendez Valdes Perez, F. M. Meng, M. Merk, A. Merli, L. Meyer Garcia, D. Miao, H. Miao, S. Mico, M. Mikhasenko, D. A. Milanes, A. Minotti, E. Minucci, B. Mitreska, D. S. Mitzel, R. Mocanu, A. Modak, L. Moeser, R. D. Moise, E. F. Molina Cardenas, T. Mombächer, M. Monk, T. Monnard, S. Monteil, A. Morcillo Gomez, G. Morello, M. J. Morello, M. P. Morgenthaler, A. Moro, J. Moron, W. Morren, A. B. Morris, A. G. Morris, R. Mountain, Z. Mu, N. Muangkod, E. Muhammad, F. Muheim, M. Mulder, K. Müller, F. Muñoz-Rojas, V. Mytrochenko, P. Naik, T. Nakada, R. Nandakumar, G. Napoletano, I. Nasteva, M. Needham, N. Neri, S. Neubert, N. Neufeld, J. Nicolini, D. Nicotra, E. M. Niel, L. Nisi, Q. Niu, B. K. Njoki, P. Nogarolli, P. Nogga, J. Nombela Royo, C. Normand, A. Novo Cal, J. Novoa Fernandez, G. Nowak, H. N. Nur, A. Oblakowska-Mucha, T. Oeser, O. Okhrimenko, R. Oldeman, N. Oldman, F. Oliva, E. Olivart Pino, M. Olocco, R. H. O'Neil, J. S. Ordonez Soto, D. Osthues, J. M. Otalora Goicochea, A. Oyanguren, O. Ozcelik, F. Paciolla, A. Padee, K. O. Padeken, B. Pagare, T. Pajero, A. Palano, L. Palini, L. Palombini, M. Palutan, C. Pan, X. Pan, S. Panebianco, S. Paniskaki, L. 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Ramos Pernas, G. Ramsey, M. S. Rangel, G. Raven, M. Rebollo De Miguel, F. Redi, J. Reich, F. Reiss, Z. Ren, P. K. Resmi, M. Ribalda Galvez, R. Ribatti, G. Ricart, D. Riccardi, S. Ricciardi, K. Richardson, M. Richardson-Slipper, F. Riehn, K. Rinnert, P. Robbe, G. Robertson, E. Rodrigues, A. Rodriguez Alvarez, E. Rodriguez Fernandez, J. A. Rodriguez Lopez, E. Rodriguez Rodriguez, J. Roensch, A. Rogovskiy, D. L. Rolf, P. Roloff, A. Romano, V. Romanovskiy, A. Romero Vidal, G. Romolini, F. Ronchetti, T. Rong, W. Rose, M. Rotondo, M. S. Rudolph, G. Ruggiero, M. Ruiz Diaz, J. Ruiz Vidal, J. Ruz Armendariz, J. J. Saavedra-Arias, J. J. Saborido Silva, D. Sahoo, N. Sahoo, B. Saitta, M. Salomoni, I. Sanderswood, R. Santacesaria, C. Santamarina Rios, M. Santimaria, L. Santoro, E. Santovetti, A. Saputi, A. Sarnatskiy, G. Sarpis, M. Sarpis, C. Satriano, A. Satta, M. Saur, H. Sazak, F. Sborzacchi, A. Scarabotto, S. Schael, S. Scherl, M. Schiller, H. Schindler, M. Schmelling, B. Schmidt, N. 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Original paper licensed under CC BY 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). ✨ This is an AI-generated explanation of the paper below. It is not written or endorsed by the authors. For technical accuracy, refer to the original paper. Read full disclaimer

In the subatomic world, matter is not a solid, unchanging thing but a dynamic flow of energy and particles. When high-energy particles smash together, they do not simply bounce off one another; they shatter into sprays of new particles called jets. These jets are the visible footprints of the fundamental forces that hold the universe together, specifically the strong force that binds quarks and gluons. For decades, physicists have studied these jets to understand how the chaotic energy of a collision settles into the stable particles we see around us. A key question in this field is how the rules that govern these tiny interactions change as the particles move from a high-energy, chaotic state into a calm, organized state. Scientists use a specific tool called an energy-energy correlator to map this transition. Instead of just counting how many particles are in a jet, this tool measures how the energy of pairs of particles is distributed across different angles. By looking at how this distribution changes as the angle between particles gets smaller, researchers can see the exact moment when the laws of high-energy physics give way to the rules of particle formation, a boundary known as the confinement scale.

A team of researchers at the Large Hadron Collider, working with the LHCb detector, has now taken a fresh look at this phenomenon using a very specific type of jet. They focused on jets that are produced in direct opposition to a Z boson, a heavy particle that acts like a clean, bright marker in the collision. Because of the way these events happen, the jets they studied are almost entirely made of light quarks, offering a pristine sample to test how these specific particles behave. The team analyzed data from billions of proton-proton collisions, looking for pairs of charged particles within these jets. They measured the energy of these pairs and how far apart they were, separating the data into groups based on whether the particles had the same electric charge or opposite charges. This allowed them to map the journey of the jet from its violent birth to its final, stable form with unprecedented detail.

The results reveal a clear pattern in how these jets evolve. As the particles in the jet move closer together, the data shows a distinct shift where the behavior of the particles changes from being governed by high-energy calculations to being governed by the complex process of forming solid matter. The researchers found that this shift happens at a very specific scale, which depends on the energy of the jet. When they adjusted their measurements to account for the energy of the jet, the transition points for all the different energy groups lined up perfectly. This alignment suggests that there is a universal size limit for how light-quark jets form, a fundamental scale that remains constant regardless of how much energy was used to create them. This finding supports the idea that the rules for how matter forms are the same whether the particles are created in a collision of protons or in the annihilation of electrons and positrons, a consistency that had been predicted but not yet confirmed in this specific context.

The study also looked closely at the electric charges of the particles to see if they influenced how the jet formed. They found that pairs of particles with opposite charges were much more likely to appear close together than pairs with the same charge. As the particles got closer to the point where the jet forms, this preference for opposite charges became even stronger. The data showed that the number of these opposite-charge pairs increased significantly as the angle between them shrank. This behavior matches well with computer simulations that model the "string breaking" mechanism, a process where the force holding the particles together snaps to create new pairs of opposite charges. The fact that the real-world data aligns so closely with these simulations suggests that this mechanism is indeed a major driver in how jets form.

By measuring these patterns in a forward-rapidity region of the detector, where the jets are moving at a sharp angle relative to the collision point, the team provided a new and independent view of these fundamental processes. The measurements confirm that the transition from high-energy chaos to stable matter happens in a predictable way for light-quark jets. The researchers also noted that their findings are consistent with previous measurements from other experiments, reinforcing the idea that the confinement scale is a universal property of nature. While the data fits the current models very well, the team emphasizes that these results open the door for even more precise studies in the future, particularly those that could compare light-quark jets with jets made of heavier particles to see if mass changes the rules of formation. The work stands as a robust confirmation of how energy flows and transforms into matter, offering a clearer picture of the invisible forces that shape our universe.

Technical Summary: Energy-energy correlators within Z-tagged jets in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV

Problem and Motivation
Energy-energy correlators (EECs) are observables designed to probe the perturbative and nonperturbative regimes of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) by analyzing momentum-weighted angular correlations between hadrons within jets. While previously studied in electron-positron ( $e^+e^-$ ) collisions and more recently in light-quark and gluon-enriched jets at the LHC and RHIC, there remains a need to characterize these correlators specifically in light-quark-initiated jets within the forward rapidity region of proton-proton ($pp$) collisions. Such measurements are critical for testing the universality of the confinement scale across different collision systems and for discriminating the initiating parton of jets. This paper addresses the lack of EEC measurements in $Z$ -tagged jets at forward rapidities, a sample that is predominantly enriched with light-quark-initiated jets due to the asymmetry in parton distribution functions within the LHCb acceptance.

Methodology
The analysis utilizes proton-proton collision data collected by the LHCb detector between 2016 and 2018, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $5.4 \text{ fb}^{-1}$ . The study focuses on events where a $Z$ boson is produced back-to-back with a jet. The $Z$ boson is reconstructed via its dimuon decay channel ( $Z \to \mu^+\mu^-$ ), requiring muons to satisfy $2 < \eta < 4.5$ and $p_T > 20 \text{ GeV}$ . Jets are reconstructed using the anti- $k_T$ algorithm with a radius parameter $R=0.5$ and are required to be the highest- $p_T$ jet in the event, produced in the opposite direction of the $Z$ boson ( $\Delta\phi_{Z\text{-jet}} > 7\pi/8$ ). The selected jets must have a transverse momentum $20 < p_{T,\text{jet}} < 100 \text{ GeV}$ and a rapidity $2.5 < y_{\text{jet}} < 4$ .

The two-point energy correlator, $\Sigma_{\text{EEC}}$ , is defined as the yield of momentum-weighted charged-hadron pairs within these jets, normalized by the number of $Z$ -tagged jets. The angular distance is measured in the $(y, \phi)$ plane as $R_L = \sqrt{(\Delta y)^2 + (\Delta \phi)^2}$ . The analysis reports:

Inclusive EECs: For all charged-hadron pairs.
Charge-dependent EECs: Separately for like-sign (LS) and opposite-sign (OS) pairs, as well as the difference between them.

To account for detector effects, the analysis employs a rigorous correction and unfolding procedure. Particle-level events are generated using Pythia 8.186 with a specific LHCb configuration, interfaced with EvtGen for decays and Photos for final-state radiation. Detector interactions are simulated with Geant4. A three-dimensional unfolding is performed using the Iterative Bayesian Unfolding (IBU) algorithm in the variables $(R_L, p_{T,\text{jet}}, w_{p_T})$ , where $w_{p_T}$ represents the momentum weight. This process corrects for jet reconstruction purity, pair reconstruction efficiencies, and smearing effects. Systematic uncertainties are evaluated by varying detector modeling, track identification criteria, unfolding parameters, and selection efficiencies.

Key Results
The paper presents the first measurements of inclusive, like-sign, and opposite-sign EECs in $Z$ -tagged jets at forward rapidities.

Transition Region and Universality: The inclusive EEC distributions as a function of $R_L$ show a transition region that shifts to lower angular separations as $p_{T,\text{jet}}$ increases. This behavior follows the scaling $R_L^{\text{transition}} \sim \Lambda_{\text{QCD}} / \langle p_{T,\text{jet}} \rangle$ . When the angular distance is scaled by the average jet transverse momentum ( $R_L \langle p_{T,\text{jet}} \rangle$ ), the transition regions for different $p_{T,\text{jet}}$ bins align. The extracted scale for the transition is approximately $2.7 \text{ GeV}$ across the measured $p_{T,\text{jet}}$ ranges. This alignment supports the hypothesis of a universal confinement scale for light-quark-initiated jets across different collision environments ( $e^+e^-$ and $pp$).
Theoretical Agreement: Phenomenological predictions based on previous theoretical works describe the data features remarkably well across both the perturbative (large $R_L$ ) and nonperturbative (small $R_L$ ) regimes.
Charge-Dependent Dynamics: The charge-dependent measurements reveal that opposite-sign correlations dominate the phase space, resulting in negative values for the difference $(\Sigma_{\text{OS}} - \Sigma_{\text{LS}})$ . As $R_L$ decreases from the perturbative region into the transition region, the opposite-sign correlations are enhanced. This enhancement is well-described by Pythia simulations, suggesting a mechanism such as string breaking where opposite-charged pairs are produced at small angles. In the free-hadron region (very small $R_L$ ), the distributions are consistent with a flat shape for $p_{T,\text{jet}} < 50 \text{ GeV}$ , though uncertainties allow for consistency with a negative slope observed in other experiments.

Significance and Claims
The paper claims that these measurements provide a robust test of QCD dynamics in the transition between perturbative and nonperturbative regimes. The primary significance lies in:

Universality: The successful description of the data by theory and the alignment of the transition region across different $p_{T,\text{jet}}$ bins support the universality of the confinement scale in light-quark-initiated jets, extending this observation from $e^+e^-$ to $pp$ collisions.
Flavor Sensitivity: By utilizing a sample enriched in light-quark jets via $Z$ -tagging, the results establish a baseline for future studies. This allows for the investigation of flavor dependence in EECs by comparing these findings with measurements in samples containing heavier quarks or different flavor compositions.
Hadronization Probes: The charge-dependent results, particularly the enhancement of opposite-sign correlations at small angles, offer a means to probe hadronization models and charge-dependent dynamics that cannot be described by perturbative calculations alone.

The authors conclude that energy correlators serve as a powerful formalism for studying jet formation and probing nonperturbative QCD effects, with the LHCb forward acceptance offering a unique window into light-quark jet physics.

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