Effect of Low-flow CO₂ Insufflation on Hemodynamics in Gynecological Laparoscopic Surgery: A USCOM-based Randomized Controlled Trial
This randomized controlled trial demonstrates that using a low CO₂ insufflation rate of 1 L/min, compared to the standard 5 L/min, significantly better preserves cardiac output and stroke volume while reducing systemic vascular resistance during gynecological laparoscopic surgery without compromising surgical efficiency.