Offline leisure engagement and digital competency show opposite associations with smartphone overdependence: a survey-weighted analysis of 20,966 Korean adults
Based on a survey-weighted analysis of 20,966 Korean adults, this study reveals that while offline leisure engagement and life satisfaction are negatively associated with smartphone overdependence, digital competency and specific content-use patterns are positively linked, suggesting that offline activities serve as a protective factor while digital skills alone may not prevent overuse without self-regulation training.