Beyond Direct Instruction: Modeling the Effects of the 5-I Instructional Model on Academic Performance in Biology Through Scientific Creativity and Affective Pathways
This study demonstrates that while conventional instruction directly impacts biology academic performance, the 5-I instructional model significantly enhances learning outcomes indirectly by fostering scientific creativity and self-efficacy, which subsequently improve student attitude, motivation, and performance, as validated by a mixed-methods analysis leading to the proposed ICAPe Framework.