A Scoping Review of Push-Pull Determinants and Behavioral Shifts in Malaysian Sports Tourism (2001 -2025)
This scoping review of literature from 2001 to 2025 utilizes the PRISMA framework to identify key push and pull determinants, barriers, and strategic recommendations for enhancing Malaysia's competitiveness as a global sports tourism destination.
Original paper licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This is an AI-generated explanation of the paper below. It is not written or endorsed by the authors. For technical accuracy, refer to the original paper. Read full disclaimer
Travelers often make two distinct kinds of decisions before booking a trip. The first is internal: a feeling that something is missing, a need to escape the daily grind, or a deep-seated passion for a specific activity. The second is external: a specific place that offers the perfect stage for that feeling, with the right facilities, atmosphere, and reputation. In the world of tourism research, these are known as push and pull factors. Push factors are the personal reasons that make someone want to leave home, while pull factors are the attractions of the destination that call them there. Understanding how these two forces work together is crucial for countries that rely on visitors to support their local economies, especially when those visitors are coming specifically to watch or participate in sports.
A researcher from Universiti Teknologi MARA in Malaysia recently set out to map exactly how these forces operate within the context of Malaysian sports tourism. They wanted to understand why international visitors choose Malaysia to attend major sporting events, what draws them in, and what might stop them from coming. To do this, they did not conduct new surveys or interviews. Instead, they acted as literary detectives, gathering and analyzing dozens of existing studies published between 2001 and 2025. Using a rigorous method called PRISMA, which ensures that a review is thorough and unbiased, they sifted through over a hundred articles to find the twenty most relevant and reliable sources. Their goal was to piece together a clear picture of the motivations, attractions, and obstacles that define the sports tourist experience in Malaysia.
The researcher found that the internal drive, or the push factor, is deeply rooted in human emotion and psychology. For the sports tourist, the journey begins with a desire for excitement, relaxation, or a break from routine. Many travelers are driven by a genuine passion for the sport itself, whether they are there to play or to watch. Others seek social connection, wanting to bond with friends or meet new people who share their enthusiasm. There is also a strong element of escapism; the sports event offers a chance to step away from ordinary life and immerse oneself in a unique, high-energy environment. These are not just casual interests but powerful psychological needs that compel people to travel.
On the other side of the equation are the pull factors, the specific qualities of Malaysia that make it an attractive destination for these travelers. The study identified that a strong destination image is vital; visitors want to feel they are going to a place that is safe, welcoming, and capable of hosting world-class events. The quality of the sporting event itself matters greatly, as does the physical infrastructure. Travelers look for modern stadiums, reliable transportation, and comfortable accommodation. Cultural attractions also play a significant role, as the chance to experience Malaysia's rich heritage and warm hospitality adds value to the trip. In recent years, digital promotion has emerged as a powerful tool, with social media and online platforms helping to showcase these attractions and build a positive image that draws people in.
However, the path to a successful sports tourism industry is not without its hurdles. The researcher highlighted several significant barriers that can discourage international visitors. High travel costs and the complexity of logistics, such as difficult transportation links or visa issues, remain major concerns. Safety and security are also critical; if travelers perceive a destination as risky or if they are worried about health concerns, they are unlikely to book a trip. The study noted that even with excellent facilities, these practical and psychological barriers can prevent people from attending events, regardless of how much they might want to go.
To overcome these challenges, the review suggests a coordinated approach involving better infrastructure, clearer safety measures, and more effective marketing. The researcher emphasizes that success depends on collaboration between the government, event organizers, and local communities. By improving the physical environment and ensuring that visitors feel secure and well-informed, Malaysia can strengthen its position as a leading global destination for sports tourism. The findings suggest that when the internal desires of the traveler are met by a destination that is well-prepared and welcoming, the result is a thriving industry that benefits everyone involved. This balance between what people feel inside and what a place offers outside is the key to understanding why sports tourism continues to grow and evolve.
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